Bt Resistance
Characterization and Strategies for GM Crops Expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins
Biotechnology Series

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria use Cry proteins to kill their insect larval hosts. The expression of certain Cry toxins in transgenic crops has been widely used to achieve efficient control of insect pests. This book describes the use of Bt crops and the emerging problem of resistance, recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of Bt toxins, different resistance mechanisms and strategies to cope with resistance in the field. It describes resistant insects found in the field in different countries, particularly in the developing world, and ways to counter resistance such as gene stalking, refuges, modified toxins and gene discovery of novel toxins with different mode of action.

Part1. The extent use of Bt crops and the emerging problem of resistance.

Chapter 1. Successes and failures of transgenic Bt crops: Global patterns of field-evolved resistance

Chapter 2. Status of resistance to Bt cotton in China: Cotton Bollworm and Pink bollworm

Chapter 3. Insect Resistance to Bt toxins in Brazil and Latin America

Chapter 4. Resistance of Busseola fusca to Cry1Ab Bt-maize plants in South Africa

Chapter 5. Bt resistance of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni in a greenhouse setting: occurrence, costs, spread, and management.

Part 2. Mechanism of action of Bt toxins and different resistance mechanisms.

Chapter 6. Different models of the mode of action of 3d-Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis

Chapter 7. Roles of insect midgut cadherin in Bt intoxication and resistance.

Chapter 8. Mechanism of Cry1Ac resistance in cabbage looper - A resistance mechanism selected in insect populations in agricultural environment.

Chapter 9. Roles of ABC proteins in the mechanism and management of Bt resistance

Chapter 10. The role of proteolysis in the biological activity of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins

Chapter 11. The lessons that Caenorhabditis elegans have taught us about mechanism of action of Crystal proteins

Part 3. Ways to counter resistance

Chapter 12. The development and the prospect of discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes

Chapter 13. Cry toxin binding site models and their use in strategies to delay resistance evolution

Chapter 14. Countering pest resistance with genetically modified Bt toxins

Chapter 15. RNAi strategy for crop protection against insects and other pests.

Part 4. Insect resistance management and integrated pest management

Chapter 16. Resistance management for Bt corn and above-ground lepidopteran targets in the United States: from single gene to pyrminded traits

Chapter 17. IRM and IPM for Bt Crops: Increasing Prospects for an Areawide View