Nanocellulose
From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials

Comprehensively introduces readers to the production, modifications, and applications of nanocellulose

This book gives a thorough introduction to the structure, properties, surface modification, theory, mechanism of composites, and functional materials derived from nanocellulose. It also provides in-depth descriptions of plastics, composites, and functional nanomaterials specifically derived from cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose. It includes the most recent progress in developing a conceptual framework of nanocellulose, as well as its numerous applications in the design and manufacture of nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials. The book also looks at the relationship between structure and properties.

Featuring contributions from many noted experts in the field, Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials examines the current status of nanocomposites based on nanocelluloses. It covers surface modification of nanocellulose in the nanocomposites development; reinforcing mechanism of cellulose nanocrystals in nanocomposites; and advanced materials based on self-organization of cellulose nanocrystals. The book studies the role of cellulose nanofibrils in nanocomposites, as well as a potential application based on colloidal properties of cellulose nanocrystals. It also offers strategies to explore biomedical applications of nanocellulose.

• Provides comprehensive knowledge on the topic of nanocellulose, including the preparation, structure, properties, surface modification and strategy
• Covers new reports on the application of nanocellulose
• Summarizes three kinds of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) and their production, modification, and applications

Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Materials is a useful resource for specialist researchers of chemistry, materials, and nanotechnology science, as well as for researchers and students of the subject.

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

1 Introduction to Nanocellulose 1
Jin Huang, Xiaozhou Ma, Guang Yang, and Dufresne Alain

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Preparation of Nanocellulose 2

1.3 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose 4

1.4 Nanocellulose-Based Materials and Applications 9

1.5 Conclusions and Prospects 13

References 15

2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 21
Chunyu Chang, Junjun Hou, Peter R. Chang, and Jin Huang

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals 21

2.3 Structures and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 32

References 45

3 Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanofibrils 53
Pei Huang, Chao Wang, Yong Huang, and Min Wu

3.1 Production of CNF 53

3.2 Features and Properties 64

3.3 Conclusion 72

References 74

4 Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose 81
Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Sehrish Manan, Sabella J. Kiprono, Mazhar Ul-Islam, and Guang Yang

4.1 Introduction 81

4.2 Biogenesis of Bacterial Cellulose 83

4.3 Structure and Exciting Features of Bacterial Cellulose 88

4.4 Production of Bacterial Cellulose: Synthesis Approaches 93

4.5 Additives to Enhance BC Production 95

4.6 Strategies Toward Low-Cost BC Production 101

4.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 105

Acknowledgment 105

References 106

5 Surface Chemistry of Nanocellulose 115
Ge Zhu and Ning Lin

5.1 Brief Introduction to Nanocellulose Family 115

5.2 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose 119

5.3 Advanced Functional Modifications 139

References 145

6 Current Status of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites 155
Xiaozhou Ma, Yuhuan Wang, Yang Shen, Jin Huang, and Alain Dufresne

6.1 Introduction 155

6.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal-Filled Nanocomposites 156

6.3 Fibrillated Cellulose-Filled Nanocomposites 172

6.4 Conclusion and Prospect 186

References 186

7 Reinforcing Mechanism of Cellulose Nanocrystals in Nanocomposites 201
Yaoyao Chen, Lin Gan, Jin Huang, and Alain Dufresne

7.1 Percolation Approach 201

7.2 Interfacial Behaviors Between Cellulose Nanocrystals and Matrix 211

7.3 Conclusions 242

References 243

8 Role of Cellulose Nanofibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites 251
Thiago H. S. Maia, Marília Calazans, Vitor Lima, Francys K. V.Moreira, and Alessandra de Almeida Lucas

8.1 Introduction 251

8.2 Characteristics of Cellulose Nanofibrils 252

8.3 Mechanical Properties of CNF Polymer Nanocomposites 253

8.4 Effects of Extrusion on Mechanical Properties of PE/CNF Nanocomposites 258

8.5 Effect of Fiber Size and Lignin Presence 264

8.6 Multifunctionality: Optical and Barrier Properties of CNF Nanocomposites 267

8.7 Outlooks in CNF Nanocomposites 269

References 269

9 Advanced Materials Based on Self-assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals 277
Lin Gan, Siyuan Liu, Dong Li, and Jin Huang

9.1 Self-assembly Structure of CNCs 277

9.2 Self-assembly Methods and Materials 281

9.3 Structural Adjustment of CNC Self-assembly 284

9.4 Modifying Surface Chemical Structure of CNC 291

9.5 Properties of CNC Self-assembly 295

9.6 Potential Applications 305

References 309

10 Potential Application Based on Colloidal Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 315
Shiyu Fu and Linxin Zhong

10.1 Colloidal Properties of CNC and Applications in Functional Materials 315

10.2 Nanocellulose for Paper and Packaging 324

10.3 Nanocellulose for Wood Coatings 339

References 341

11 Strategies to Explore Biomedical Application of Nanocellulose 349
Yanjie Zhang, Peter R. Chang, Xiaozhou Ma, Ning Lin, and Jin Huang

11.1 Introduction 349

11.2 Research on Biological Toxicity of Nanocellulose 349

11.3 Application of Nanocellulose for Immobilization and Recognition of Biological Macromolecules 355

11.4 Application of Nanocellulose for Cell Imaging 360

11.5 Application of Nanocellulose for Cell Scaffolds 361

11.6 Application of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering 366

11.7 Application of Nanocellulose in Drug Carrier and Delivery 375

11.8 Application of Nanocellulose as Biomedical Materials 382

11.9 Summary 389

References 389

12 Application of Nanocellulose in Energy Materials and Devices 397
Gang Chen and Zhiqiang Fang

12.1 Introduction 397

12.2 Nanocellulose for Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) 398

12.3 Nanocellulose for Supercapacitors 404

12.4 Nanocellulose for Other Energy Devices 411

12.5 Conclusion and Outlook 415

References 416

13 Exploration of Other High-Value Applications of Nanocellulose 423
Ruitao Cha, Xiaonan Hao, Kaiwen Mou, Keying Long, Juanjuan Li, and Xingyu Jiang

13.1 Fire Resistant Materials 423

13.2 Thermal Insulation Materials 432

13.3 The Templated Materials 438

References 464

Index 475

Jin Huang, PhD, is a highly regarded Professor recognized nationally and internationally whose research focuses on chemical and physical methodology of manufacturing green materials from natural polymer resources.

Alain Dufresne, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Converting Biomaterials Packaging in the International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora) at University of Grenoble Alpes.

Ning Lin, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science at Wuhan University of Technology.