Water and Energy (2^nd Ed.)
Threats and Opportunities

Rapid and important developments in the area of energy - water nexus over the last two to three years have been significant. This new edition of Water and Energy: Threats and Opportunities is timely and continues to highlight the inextricable link between water and energy, providing an up-to-date overview of the subject with helpful detailed summaries of the technical literature. Water and Energy has been up-dated throughout and major changes are: new chapters on global warming and fossil fuels, including shale gas and fracking, the consequences of the Deepwater Horizon accident in the Mexican Gulf and the Niger Delta oil spills. New developments in hydropower continued competition between food, water and energy. Water and Energy Threats and Opportunities, 2° edition creates an awareness of the important couplings between water and energy. It shows how energy is used in all the various water cycle operations and demonstrates how water is used and misused in all kinds of energy production and generation. Population increase, climate change and an increasing competition between food and fuel production create enormous pressures on both water and energy availability. Since there is no replacement for water, water security looks more crucial than energy security. This is true not only in developing countries but also in the most advanced countries. For example, the western parts of the USA suffer from water scarcity that provides a real security threat. Part One of the book describes the water-energy nexus, the conflicts and competitions and the couplings between water security, energy security, and food security. Part Two captures how climate change, population increase and the growing food demand will have major impact on water availability in many countries in the world. Part Three describes water for energy and how energy production and conversion depend on water availability. As a consequence, all planning has to take both water and energy into consideration. The environmental (including water) consequences of oil and coal exploration and refining are huge, in North America as well as in the rest of the world. Furthermore, oil leak accidents have hit America, Africa, Europe as well as Asia. The consequences of hydropower are discussed and the competition between hydropower generation, flood control and water storage is illustrated. The importance of water for cooling thermal power plants is described, as this was so tragically demonstrated at the Fukushima nuclear plants in 2011. Climate change will further emphasize the strong coupling between water availability and the operation of power plants. Part Four analyses energy for water - how water production and treatment depend on energy. The book shows that a lot can be done to improve equipment, develop processes and apply advanced monitoring and control to save energy for water operations. Significant amounts of energy can be saved by better pumping, the reduction of leakages, controlled aeration in biological wastewater treatment, more efficient biogas production, and by improved desalination processes.

The Water and Energy Nexus, The Water and Energy Interrelationship, The Supply of Water, Expedients for Water, Quantity And Quality; Competition and Conflicts Between Water and Energy, Conflicts Over Shared Water and Energy Resources, Primary Energy Sources, Electrical Energy Generation, Industrial Pollution; The Demand for Holistic Solutions, Consequences of the Water And Energy Nexus, Integrated Solutions, System Wide Water Operations, Water, Energy and Food Security , Sustainability, Putting Ecosystems into the Planning, Finding Efficient Driving Forces; Water Vs. Climate, Population, Energy, Food and Land Use; Climate Change, Global Warming, Climate Change Impact on Weather, Climate Change Impact on Energy, Climate Meetings, Recent Climate Actions, The Greenhouse Gases, The Global Warming Potential, Frugality, A Note on Svante Arrhenius, a Ghg Pioneer; Population, The Population Growth, Urbanisation; Food, Water, Energy And Land Use, Our Need for Food, Water for Agriculture, The Water Footprint and Virtual Water, Energy for Agriculture, Biofuel and Food, The Food We Eat and the Food We Waste, Women and Water – The Gender Issue, Food Prices and Food Production Industry; Global Water Resources, Climate Change Influence, Groundwater, Groundwater Use and Misuse in Some Regions, Some Regions Having Too Little or Too Much Water, Water Security and Water Scarcity, A Systems Approach; Opportunities – The Water Demand Side, Consumer Attitudes and Lifestyles, The Value of Water, The Consumer – Raising the Awareness, Governing Water and Energy; Water for Energy; Water Footprint of Energy Production and Conversion, Metric – Measuring the Water Footprint, The Global Energy, Primary Energy Sources, Electrical Power Generation, Water Constraints for Energy Production; Hydropower, Hydropower in the World, Incentives for Hydropower and Dam Building, Costs for Dam Building, Examples of Hydropower and Water Resource Conflicts, Small Hydropower Plants, Integrated Planning; Fossil Fuels, Conventional Oil and Gas, Shale Gas – A “Revolution”, Oil Accidents – North America, Oil Exploration in Nigeria, Oil Exploration In The Arctic Sea and in Russia, Natural Gas Flaring, Oil Sand Exploration, Coal, Fossil Fuels, Subsidies and the Climate; Bio Fuels, Different Biomass Sources, The Water Biofuel Nexus, Biofuels, Food and Biofuel Competition for Land and Water; Cooling Thermal Electrical Power Plants, Cooling Thermal Power Plants, Different Cooling Systems, Different Types of Thermal Power Plants, Carbon Capture and Storage (Ccs); Water Management in Industry, Industrial Cooling Systems, Food, Drink and Milk Industries, Process Control, Iron and Steel, Paper and Pulp; Energy for Water; Energy and Carbon Footprint of Water Operations, Different Forms of Energy, Iso Standard, Energy Use for Water Operations, Greenhouse Gas Emission from Wastewater Operations, Energy Savings, From Wastewater Treatment to Resource Recovery; Pumping Water, Pumping, Leakages, Pressure Control in Water Distribution; Aeration in Biological Wastewater Treatment, Air Supply, Dissolved Oxygen Control; Biogas Generation and Use, Energy Content, Biogas Composition, Anaerobic Digestion, Anaerobic Digester Operation, Biogas Distribution and Use; Heat Recovery in the Water Cycle, Groundwater, Surface Water, Heat Recovery from Wastewater, Heat from Drinking Water; Desalination, The Global Desalination Picture, Principal Methods for Desalination, Membrane Separation, Reverse Osmosis, Desalination Using Reverse Osmosis, Newer Osmosis Technologies, Energy Requirement for Reverse Osmosis, Supplying Power, Desalination Plants – Some Cases; Customer Behaviour - Demand Side Management, Domestic Water Use, Water Consumption at Home, Warm Water Consumption, Outdoor Water Consumption, Water Reuse and Rainwater Harvesting; Opportunities; Possibilities and Solutions, Possible Technical Solutions, Renewable Energy, Attitudes and Life Styles, Possible Actions, Some Final Reflections; A Note on Conversion of Units; Energy Content of Fuels.