Environmental Rights
The Development of Standards

Environmental rights, also known as the human rights or constitutional rights that are used for the protection of the environment, have proliferated over the last forty-five years. However, the precise levels of protection that they represent has since been a major question associated with this phenomenon. Environmental Rights: The Development of Standards systematically investigates this question by analyzing the emerging standards of environmental protection that are associated with such rights and the way that those associations are becoming formalized. It covers all of the relevant human rights treaties to illustrate how environmental rights standards are emerging in this dynamic area. Bringing together an elite group of scholars, this book discusses significant new insights into the way that environmental rights are developing, the standards of protection that they confer, and the way that standards in the field of environmental rights can potentially be further developed in the future.

1. Introduction: a brief history of environmental rights and the development of standards Stephen J. Turner; 2. Environmental rights and international human rights covenants: what standards are relevant? Sumudu Attapatu; 3. The ECHR, environment-based human rights claims and the search for standards Karen Morrow; 4. The American Convention on Human Rights and environmental rights standards Evadné Grant; 5. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and environmental rights standards Louis Kotzé and Anél du Plessis; 6. The Aarhus Convention: standards for access to justice in environmental matters Áine Ryall; 7. The emergence of standards regarding the right of access to water and sanitation Owen McIntyre; 8. Standards in the procedural rights of multilateral environmental agreements Lara Ognibene and Angela Kariuki; 9. A stock-taking of FPIC standards in international environmental law Jona Razzaque; 10. Environmental standards and the right to life in India: regulatory frameworks and judicial enterprise Gitanjali N. Gill; 11. Environmental standards in the Portuguese Constitution Alexandra Aragão; 12. The Argentinean Constitution and its relationship with environmental standards Silvia Nonna; 13. The South African Constitution – Standards of Environmental Protection Nathan J. Cooper; 14. The French Charter of the Environment and Standards of Environmental Protection David Marrani and Stephen J. Turner; 15. The Constitution of Bhutan: a quantitative environmental standard Stephen J. Turner; 16. The rights to nature: guiding our responsibilities through standards Craig Kauffman and Linda Sheehan; 17. Standards in sub-national environmental constitutionalism Erin Daly and James R. May; 18. Conclusion: analyzing the development of standards in the field of environmental rights Stephen J. Turner.

Stephen J. Turner is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Lincoln.
Dinah L. Shelton is Manatt/Ahn Professor of International Law Emeritus at George Washington University, Washington DC.
Jona Razzaque is Professor of Environmental Law at Bristol Law School, University of the West of England, Bristol.
Owen McIntyre is Professor and Director of the LL.M. at the University College Cork, School of Law.
James R. May is Distinguished Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law, Delaware.