The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 2012
Research and Management of a Worldwide Invasive Pest

Preface

Dedication

1.0 Sirex systematics; problems and solutions

Henri Goulet

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems

1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology

1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA

1.2.3 Collections

1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage

1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species

1.4.1 Ovipositor characters

1.4.2 Other characters

2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio

Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Insect-fungus complex

2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio

2.4 Host selection and susceptibility

2.5 Host Records

2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics

2.6.1 Potential fecundity

2.6.2 Reproductive potential

2.6.3 Adult size

2.6.4 Sex-ratio

2.6.5 Natural enemies

2.7 Conclusions

3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio

John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility

3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus

3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum

3.5 General responses to Sirex attack

3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility

4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread

Juan C Corley and José M Villacide

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia

4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns

4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale

4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females

4.6 Conclusions

5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe

Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio

5.3 Natural enemies

5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts

5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality

5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe

6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids

Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Systematics and identification

6.3 Symbiotic specificity

6.4 Mode of reproduction

6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies

6.6 Conclusions and future prospects

7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan

Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi

7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts

7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps

8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Use of parasitoids as biological control agents

8.2.1 New Zealand and Australia

8.2.2 South America

8.2.3 South Africa

8.3 Conclusions

9.0 Factors affecting the efficacy of Deladenus siricidicola in biological control systems

Bernard Slippers, Brett P Hurley, X Osmond Mlonyeni, Peter de Groot and Michael J Wingfield

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Rearing, handling and storage

9.3 Evolution of nematode virulence and wasp resistance

9.4 Introduction history and genetic diversity

9.5 Interaction specificity – Amylostereum and Sirex

9.6 Variable environmental factors

9.7 Conclusions

10.0 Ecological considerations in using Deladenus siricidicola for the biological control of Sirex noctilio in North America

David W Williams, Kelley E Zylstra and Victor C Mastro

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Ecological factors in North America affecting the biological control program

10.2.1 Climate

10.2.2 The North American nematode

10.3 Possible effects of the biological control program on non-target pine insects in North America

10.3.1 North American Siricids as potential hosts

10.3.2 Questions on nontarget effects on North American siricids

10.4 Conclusions and future directions

11.0 The chemical ecology of Sirex noctilio

Damon J Crook, Katalin Böröczky, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro and James H Tumlinson

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Sirex noctilio and stressed trees

11.3 Pine tree volatile composition of healthy and girdled trees

11.4 Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of S. noctilio

11.5 Recent lure trials based on GC and GC-EAD results

11.6 Antennal physiology

11.7 Pheromones

11.8 Conclusions

12.0 The use of kairomone lures for the detection of Sirex noctilio in susceptible Pinus radiata plantations in Australia

Richard Bashford and John L Madden

Introduction

12.1 Identification and testing of Pinus radiata stem volatiles

12.2 Development of a kairomone baited trap system in Tasmania

12.3 Integration of a static trap module into the current Australian NSCC working procedures for the control of Sirex noctilio

12.4 Conclusions

13.0 The Sirex woodwasp in New Zealand: History and current status

John Bain, Stephanie L Sopow and Lindsay S Bulman

13.1 Introduction

13.2 History of Sirex in New Zealand

13.3 Use of biological control agents

13.4 Pest status of Sirex noctilio in New Zealand 1980-2010

13.5 Conclusions

14.0 Sirex woodwasp in Australia: current management strategies, research and emerging issues

Angus J Carnegie and Richard Bashford

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Control and management

14.2.1 Australian Sirex biological control unit

14.2.2 Current operational management

14.3 Current issues and research

14.3.1 Reduced nematode parasitism of S. noctilio

14.3.2 Ips grandicollis attacking Sirex trap trees

14.3.3 Optimise timing of nematode inoculation of trap trees

14.3.4 Trap tree establishment techniques

14.3.5 Storage life of nematodes

14.3.6 Spread of Sirex into subtropical Australia

14.3.7 Future research

14.4 conclusions

15.0 The ecology and biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Patagonia, Argentina

Paula Klasmer and Eduardo Botto

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Establishment, spread and distribution of Sirex noctilio in Argentina

15.3 Management strategies for Sirex noctilio in Patagonia

15.3.1 Monitoring

15.3.2 Biological control with parasitoids

15.3.3 Biological control with entomophagous nematodes

15.4 Summary and Conclusions

16.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Brazil: monitoring and control

Edson T Iede, Susete do R C Penteado and Wilson R Filho

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Biology and ecology of Sirex noctilio

16.3 The national program of woodwasp control in Brazil

16.3.1 Prevention strategies

16.3.2 Early detection and monitoring of S. noctilio

16.3.3 Biological control

16.3.4 Quarantine strategies

16.4 General recommendations

17.0 Surveillance and control of the Sirex woodwasp: The Chilean experience

Marcos Beèche, Dolly Lanfranco, Mario Zapata and Cecilia Ruiz

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Forest health in Chile

17.3 Sirex noctilio: a remarkable taxon

17.4 Surveillance of Sirex noctilio in Chile

17.4.1 Surveillance program methods

17.4.2 Distribution of Sirex noctilio in Chile

17.5 Control of Sirex noctilio in Chile

17.5.1 Quarantine control

17.5.2 Sanitation

17.5.3 Biological control

17.6 Summary and conclusions

18.0 The control of the Sirex woodwasp in diverse environments: The South African experience

Brett P Hurley, Philip Croft, Marcel Verleur, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Pine forestry in South Africa

18.3 Introduction and spread of S. noctilio in South Africa

18.4 Efforts to control S. noctilio in South Africa

18.4.1 Biological control with parasitic nematodes

18.4.2 Biological control with parasitic wasps

18.4.3 Plantation management

18.4.4 Monitoring of Sirex noctilio

18.5 Conclusions

19.0 Sirex, surveys and management: Challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America

Kevin J Dodds and Peter de Groot

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Detection in North America

19.2.1 Agencies involved in detection and delimitation efforts in Canada and the United States

19.2.2 Annual surveys

19.3 North American forests at risk

19.4 Survey challenges in North America

19.4.1 Logistical issues

19.4.2 Biological issues

19.5 Management challenges in North America

19.5.1 Silviculture

19.5.2 Biological control

19.6 Conclusions

20.0 Looking into the future of Sirex research and management

Bernard Slippers and Michael J Wingfield

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Questions relating to the natural history of Siricids and their symbionts

20.3 Continued risk and challenges facing management

20.4 New technologies and unexplored opportunities

Conclusions

100 Years of experience of management and research on the most serious invasive insect pest of Pinus plantations across diverse environments

Richly illustrated, with a broad coverage and in depth analysis of all aspects from biological research to practical field management

Insight into complex insect-fungus-tree-parasitoid-environment interactions, as well as academia-industry-government management and research interactions