Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Volume 2
Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects Series

This book is the second volume in the series "Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion." The premier volume was published in 2013.

Even a cursory glance at the literature show  that in recent years the interest in understanding and controlling wetting behavior has grown exponentially. Currently, there is tremendous research activity in rendering surfaces superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic, superoleophobic, superoleophilic, omniphobic and omniphilic because of their applications in many technologically important fields. Also the durability or robustness of materials with such super" characteristics is extremely significant, as well as the utilization of "green" (biobased) materials to obtain such surfaces.

This book containing 19 articles reflects more recent developments in certain areas covered in its predecessor volume as well as it includes some topics which were not covered before. Concomitantly, this book provides a medium to keep abreast of the latest research activity and developments in the arena of contact angle, wettability and adhesion.

The topics discussed include: Understanding of wetting hysteresis; fabrication of superhydrophobic materials; plasma treatment to achieve superhydrophilic surfaces; highly liquid repellent textiles; modification of paper surfaces to control liquid wetting and adhesion; Cheerios effect and its control; engineering materials with superwettability; laser ablation to create micro/nano-patterned surfaces; liquid repellent amorphous carbon nanoparticle networks; mechanical durability of liquid repellent surfaces; wetting of solid walls and spontaneous capillary flow; relationship between roughness and oleophilicity; superhydrophobic and superoleophobic green materials; computational analysis of wetting on hydrophobic surfaces: application to self-cleaning mechanisms; bubble adhesion to superhydrophilic surfaces; surface free energy of superhydrophobic materials; and role of surface free energy in pharmaceutical tablet tensile strength.

Preface xv

Part 1: Fundamental and General Aspects

1 Wetting of Solid Walls and Spontaneous Capillary Flow 3
Jean Berthier and Kenneth A. Brakke

1.1 Introduction: Capillary Flows and Contact Angles 3

1.2 A General Condition for Spontaneous Capillary Flow (SCF) 5

1.3 The Dynamics of SCF 15

1.4 Conclusion 41

2 A Review of "Ordered Water Monolayer That Does Not Completely Wet Water" at Room Temperature 47
Chunlei Wang and Haiping Fang

2.1 Introduction 47

2.2 "Ordered Water Monolayer that Does Not Completely Wet Water" at Room Temperature 49

2.3 Effect of Surface Point Defects on the Ordered Water Monolayer 55

2.4 Thermal Properties of Ordered Water Monolayer 56

2.5 Simulation or Experimental Observations on the Phenomenon of Water Droplets on Water Monolayers on Real Solid Surfaces at Room Temperature 59

2.6 "Ordered Ethanol Monolayer that does not Completely Wet Ethanol" at Room Temperature 61

2.7 Discussion 64

2.8 Summary 65

3 Cheerios Effect and its Control by Contact Angle Modulation 73
Junqi Yuan and Sung Kwon Cho

3.1 Introduction 74

3.2 Theoretical Models 76

3.3 Control of Cheerios Effect 102

3.4 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 105

4 Recent Mathematical Analysis of Contact Angle Hysteresis 111
Xianmin Xu and Xiaoping Wang

4.1 Introduction 111

4.2 The Physical Principle and Mathematical Method 113

4.3 The Wenzel’s and Cassie’s Equations 114

4.4 The Modified Cassie Equation 118

4.5 Contact Angle Hysteresis 119

4.6 Conclusion and Outlook 124

5 Computational Analysis of Wetting on Hydrophobic Surfaces: Application to Self-Cleaning Mechanisms 129
Muhammad Osman and Roger A. Sauer

5.1 Introduction 130

5.2 Basic Relations in Differential Geometry 131

5.3 System Model 133

5.4 Governing Equations 134

5.5 Force Analysis 139

5.6 Results and Discussion 140

5.7 Conclusions 145

6 Bubble Adhesion to Superhydrophilic Surfaces 149
Ridvan Ozbay, Ali Kibar and Chang-Hwan Choi

6.1 Introduction 150

6.2 Theoretical Models 151

6.3 Experimental 154

6.4 Results and Discussion 155

6.5 Conclusions 161

Acknowledgement 162

References 162

7 Relationship Between the Roughness and Oleophilicity of Functional Surfaces 165
Luisa Coriand, Markus Rettenmayr and Angela Duparré

7.1 Introduction 165

7.2 Basics and Experimental 166

7.3 Results and Discussion 170

7.4 Summary 175

8 Liquid Repellent Amorphous Carbon Nanoparticle Networks 179
Ilker S. Bayer, Alexander J. Davis and Eric Loth

8.1 Introduction 180

8.2 Templates for Liquid Repellent Surfaces 180

8.3 Synthesis Without Flames 184

8.4 Synthesis by Combustion of Terpenoids 189

8.5 Amorphous Carbon Networks on 3-D Porous Materials for Liquid Filtration 191

8.6 Towards Robust Carbonaceous Films on Micro-textured Polymer Surfaces 193

8.7 Conclusions 208

9 Recent Progress in Evaluating Mechanical Durability of Liquid Repellent Surfaces 211
Athanasios Milionis, Ilker S. Bayer and Eric Loth

9.1 Introduction 211

9.2 Durability to Tangential Shear 218

9.3 Durability to Dynamic Impact 233

9.4 Durability under Vertical Compression/Expansion 239

9.5 Wear in Liquid Baths 242

9.6 Inherently Durable Liquid Repellent Materials 249

9.7 Future Directions for Investigating Mechanical Durability 251

10 Superhydrophobic and Superoleophobic Biobased Materials 259
Ilker S. Bayer

10.1 Introduction 260

10.2 Advances in Liquid Repellent Cellulose Fiber Networks 260

10.3 Liquid Repellent Materials: Cellulose Derivatives 270

10.4 Liquid Repellent Thermoplastic Starch and Biopolyesters 277

10.5 Conclusions 281

Part 2: Wettability Modification

11 Laser Ablated Micro/Nano-Patterned Superhydrophobic Stainless Steel Substrates 287
Sona Moradi, Saeid Kamal and Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos

11.1 Introduction 288

11.2 Materials and Experimental Methods 290

11.3 Experimental Details 292

11.4 Results and Discussion 293

11.5 Conclusions 301

12 RF Plasma Treatment of Neptune Grass (Posidonia oceanica): A Facile Method to Achieve Superhydrophilic Surfaces for Dye Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions 305
Hernando S. Salapare III, Ma. Gregoria Joanne P. Tiquio and Henry J. Ramos

12.1 Introduction 306

12.2 Experimental Details 315

12.3 Results and Discussion 319

12.4 Conclusions 328

13 Highly Liquid Repellent Technical Textiles Obtained by Means of Photo-chemical and Laser Surface Modifications 333
Thomas Bahners and Jochen S. Gutmann

13.1 Introduction 334

13.2 Background of the Conceptual Approach 335

13.3 Application of Combined Laser and Photo-chemical Modifications to Technical Textiles 347

13.4 Summary 358

14 Modification of Paper/Cellulose Surfaces to Control Liquid Wetting and Adhesion 365
Victor Breedveld and Dennis W. Hess

14.1 Introduction 366

14.2 Plasma Processing 366

14.3 Sticky vs. Roll-off Superhydrophobic Surfaces 367

14.4 Local Wetting/Adhesion Control 369

14.5 Superamphiphobic/Superomniphobic Paper 372

14.6 Summary and Conclusions 374

Part 3: Surface Free Energy and Adhesion

15 Surface Free Energy of Superhydrophobic Materials Obtained by Deposition of Polymeric Particles on Glass 381
Konrad Terpilowski

15.1 Introduction 382

15.2 Experimental 385

15.3 Results and Discussion 387

15.4 Conclusions 394

16 Tablet Tensile Strength: Role of Surface Free Energy 397
Frank M. Etzler and Sorana Pisano

16.1 Introduction 398

16.2 Applicability of the Proposed Model to Pharmaceutical Materials 404

16.3 Discussion 414

16.4 Summary 415

7 Why Test Inks Cannot Tell the Whole Truth About Surface Free Energy of Solids 419
Ming Jin, Frank Thomsen, Thomas Skrivanek and Thomas Willers

17.1 Introduction 419

17.2 Background 420

17.3 Materials and Methods 424

17. 4 Results and Interpretation 426

17.5 Advantages and Drawbacks of Contact Angle Measurement in Practice 435

17.6 Summary 437

References 438

Index 439

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 115 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification, surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.