Cause and Correlation in Biology (2^nd Ed., Revised edition)
A User's Guide to Path Analysis, Structural Equations and Causal Inference with R

Many problems in biology require an understanding of the relationships among variables in a multivariate causal context. Exploring such cause-effect relationships through a series of statistical methods, this book explains how to test causal hypotheses when randomised experiments cannot be performed. This completely revised and updated edition features detailed explanations for carrying out statistical methods using the popular and freely available R statistical language. Sections on d-sep tests, latent constructs that are common in biology, missing values, phylogenetic constraints, and multilevel models are also an important feature of this new edition. Written for biologists and using a minimum of statistical jargon, the concept of testing multivariate causal hypotheses using structural equations and path analysis is demystified. Assuming only a basic understanding of statistical analysis, this new edition is a valuable resource for both students and practising biologists.

Preface; 1. Preliminaries; 2. From cause to correlation and back; 3. Sewall Wright, path analysis and d-separation; 4. Path analysis and maximum likelihood; 5. Measurement error and latent variables; 6. The structural equations model; 7. Multigroup models, multilevel models, and corrections for non-independence of observations; 8. Exploration, discovery and equivalence; Index.

Bill Shipley is a Professor in the Department of Biology at Université de Sherbrooke, Canada. His research interests centre upon plant ecophysiology, functional and community ecology, and statistical modelling. He is the author of From Plant Traits to Vegetation Structure: Chance and Selection in the Assembly of Ecological Communities, published by Cambridge University Press.