Wireless Information and Power Transfer
Theory and Practice
IEEE Press Series

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

1 The Era of Wireless Information and Power Transfer 1
DerrickWing Kwan Ng, Trung Q. Duong, Caijun Zhong, and Robert Schober

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background 3

1.2.1 RF-BasedWireless Power Transfer 3

1.2.2 Receiver Structure forWIPT 4

1.3 Energy Harvesting Model andWaveform Design 6

1.4 Efficiency and Interference Management inWIPT Systems 9

1.5 Security in SWIPT Systems 10

1.6 CooperativeWIPT Systems 11

1.7 WIPT for 5G Applications 11

1.8 Conclusion 12

Acknowledgement 13

Bibliography 13

2 Fundamentals of Signal Design for WPT and SWIPT 17
Bruno Clerckx andMorteza Varasteh

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 WPT Architecture 19

2.3 WPT Signal and System Design 21

2.4 SWIPT Signal and System Design 29

2.5 Conclusions and Observations 33

Bibliography 33

3 Unified Design ofWireless Information and Power Transmission 39
Dong In Kim, Jong Jin Park, Jong HoMoon, and Kang Yoon Lee

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Nonlinear EH Models 40

3.3 Waveform and Transceiver Design 43

3.3.1 Multi-tone (PAPR) based SWIPT 43

3.3.2 Dual Mode SWIPT 48

3.4 Energy Harvesting Circuit Design 53

3.5 Discussion and Conclusion 58

Bibliography 58

4 Industrial SWIPT: Backscatter Radio and RFIDs 61
Panos N. Alevizos and Aggelos Bletsas

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 Wireless Signal Model 62

4.3 RFID Tag Operation 64

4.3.1 RF Harvesting and Powering for RFID Tag 64

4.3.2 RFID Tag Backscatter (Uplink) Radio 65

4.4 Reader BER for Operational RFID 68

4.5 RFID Reader SWIPT Reception 69

4.5.1 Harvesting Sensitivity Outage 69

4.5.2 Power Consumption Outage 70

4.5.3 Information Outage 71

4.5.4 Successful SWIPT Reception 71

4.6 Numerical Results 72

4.7 Conclusion 76

Bibliography 76

5 Multi-antenna Energy Beamforming for SWIPT 81
Jie Xu and Rui Zhang

5.1 Introduction 81

5.2 System Model 84

5.3 Rate–Energy Region Characterization 87

5.3.1 Problem Formulation 87

5.3.2 Optimal Solution 90

5.4 Extensions 93

5.5 Conclusion 94

Bibliography 95

6 On the Application of SWIPT in NOMA Networks 99
Yuanwei Liu andMaged Elkashlan

6.1 Introduction 99

6.1.1 Motivation 100

6.2 Network Model 101

6.2.1 Phase 1: Direct Transmission 101

6.2.2 Phase 2: Cooperative Transmission 104

6.3 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access with User Selection 105

6.3.1 RNRF Selection Scheme 105

6.3.2 NNNF Selection Scheme 108

6.3.3 NNFF Selection Scheme 111

6.4 Numerical Results 112

6.4.1 Outage Probability of the Near Users 112

6.4.2 Outage Probability of the Far Users 115

6.4.3 Throughput in Delay-Sensitive Transmission Mode 116

6.5 Conclusions 117

Bibliography 118

7 Fairness-AwareWireless Powered Communications with Processing Cost 121
Zoran Hadzi-Velkov, Slavche Pejoski, and Nikola Zlatanov

7.1 Introduction 121

7.2 System Model 122

7.2.1 Energy Storage Strategies 124

7.2.2 Circuit Power Consumption 124

7.3 Proportionally Fair Resource Allocation 125

7.3.1 Short-term Energy Storage Strategy 125

7.3.2 Long-term Energy Storage Strategy 127

7.3.3 Practical Online Implementation 130

7.3.4 Numerical Results 131

7.4 Conclusion 133

7.5 Appendix 133

7.5.1 Proof of Theorem 7.2 133

Bibliography 136

8 Wireless Power Transfer in MillimeterWave 139
Talha Ahmed Khan and RobertW. Heath Jr.

8.1 Introduction 139

8.2 System Model 141

8.3 Analytical Results 143

8.4 Key Insights 147

8.5 Conclusions 151

8.6 Appendix 153

Bibliography 154

9 Wireless Information and Power Transfer in Relaying Systems 157
P. D. Diamantoulakis, K. N. Pappi, and G. K. Karagiannidis

9.1 Introduction 157

9.2 Wireless-Powered Cooperative Networks with a Single Source–Destination Pair 158

9.2.1 System Model and Outline 158

9.2.2 Wireless Energy Harvesting Relaying Protocols 159

9.2.3 Multiple Antennas at the Relay 161

9.2.4 Multiple Relays and Relay Selection Strategies 163

9.2.5 Power Allocation Strategies for Multiple Carriers 166

9.3 Wireless-Powered Cooperative Networks with Multiple Sources 168

9.3.1 System Model 168

9.3.2 Power Allocation Strategies 169

9.3.3 Multiple Relays and Relay Selection Strategies 173

9.3.4 Two-Way Relaying Networks 175

9.4 Future Research Challenges 176

9.4.1 Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Model and Hardware Impairments 176

9.4.2 NOMA-based Relaying 176

9.4.3 Large-Scale Networks 176

9.4.4 Cognitive Relaying 177

Bibliography 177

10 Harnessing Interference in SWIPT Systems 181
Stelios Timotheou, Gan Zheng, Christos Masouros, and Ioannis Krikidis

10.1 Introduction 181

10.2 System Model 183

10.3 Conventional Precoding Solution 184

10.4 Joint Precoding and Power Splitting with Constructive

Interference 185

10.4.1 Problem Formulation 186

10.4.2 Upper Bounding SOCP Algorithm 188

10.4.3 Successive Linear Approximation Algorithm 190

10.4.4 Lower Bounding SOCP Formulation 191

10.5 Simulation Results 192

10.6 Conclusions 194

Bibliography 194

11 Physical Layer Security in SWIPT Systems with Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Circuits 197
Yuqing Su, DerrickWing Kwan Ng, and Robert Schober

11.1 Introduction 197

11.2 Channel Model 200

11.2.1 Energy Harvesting Model 201

11.2.2 Channel State Information Model 203

11.2.3 Secrecy Rate 204

11.3 Optimization Problem and Solution 204

11.4 Results 208

11.5 Conclusions 211

Appendix-Proof of Theorem 11.1 211

Bibliography 213

12 Wireless-Powered Cooperative Networks with Energy Accumulation 217
Yifan Gu, He Chen, and Yonghui Li

12.1 Introduction 217

12.2 System Model 219

12.3 Energy Accumulation of Relay Battery 222

12.3.1 Transition Matrix of the MC 222

12.3.2 Stationary Distribution of the Relay Battery 224

12.4 Throughput Analysis 224

12.5 Numerical Results 226

12.6 Conclusion 228

12.7 Appendix 229

Bibliography 231

13 Spectral and Energy-EfficientWireless-Powered IoT Networks 233
QingqingWu,Wen Chen, and Guangchi Zhang

13.1 Introduction 233

13.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 235

13.2.1 System Model 235

13.2.2 T-WPCN and Problem Formulation 236

13.2.3 N-WPCN and Problem Formulation 237

13.3 T-WPCN or N-WPCN? 237

13.3.1 Optimal Solution for T-WPCN 238

13.3.2 Optimal Solution for N-WPCN 239

13.3.3 TDMA versus NOMA 240

13.4 Numerical Results 243

13.4.1 SE versus PB Transmit Power 243

13.4.2 SE versus Device Circuit Power 245

13.5 Conclusions 245

13.6 FutureWork 247

Bibliography 247

14 Wireless-PoweredMobile Edge Computing Systems 253
FengWang, Jie Xu, XinWang, and Shuguang Cui

14.1 Introduction 253

14.2 System Model 256

14.3 Joint MEC-WPT Design 260

14.3.1 Problem Formulation 260

14.3.2 Optimal Solution 260

14.4 Numerical Results 266

14.5 Conclusion 268

Bibliography 268

15 Wireless Power Transfer: A Macroscopic Approach 273
Constantinos Psomas and Ioannis Krikidis

15.1 Wireless-Powered Cooperative Networks with Energy Storage 274

15.1.1 System Model 274

15.1.2 Relay Selection Schemes 276

15.1.3 Numerical Results 280

15.2 Wireless-Powered Ad Hoc Networks with SIC and SWIPT 282

15.2.1 System Model 282

15.2.2 SWIPT with SIC 284

15.2.3 Numerical Results 285

15.3 AWireless-Powered Opportunistic Feedback Protocol 286

15.3.1 System Model 287

15.3.2 Wireless-Powered OBF Protocol 290

15.3.3 Beam Outage Probability 290

15.3.4 Numerical Results 292

15.4 Conclusion 293

Bibliography 294

Index 297

DERRICK WING KWAN NG is a senior lecturer in the School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications at The University of New South Wales, Australia.

TRUNG Q. DUONG is a reader in the School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Queen's University Belfast, UK.

CAIJUN ZHONG is an associate professor in the College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering at Zhejiang University, China.

ROBERT SCHOBER is a full professor at the Institute for Digital Communications, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.