Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2019
Concept, Business Model, and Technology

In developing countries, access to the adequate sanitation systems is still limited, and a new business model is required. This book demonstrates the benefits of resource-oriented agro-sanitation systems, including the concepts and technologies, and using selected case studies, e.g. from Burkina Faso and Indonesia, it illustrates the different applications of the system. It also discusses various aspects related to resource-oriented agro-sanitation system, including resource-recovery technologies for feces, urine and grey water, business models for installation, and agricultural issues related to uses of urine and compost. Promoting installation of sanitation systems, especially in developing countries, the book is intended for water and sanitation engineers, administrators, policy makers and regulators. It also provides multidisciplinary insights, making it a useful resource for students and researchers.

Preface

Part 1. Concepts and Business Model

Chapter 1 The concept of Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System and its Business Model

                Abstract

                1.1 Introduction

                1.2 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy

                                1.2.1 Three sanitation generations

                                1.2.2 Limitation of the modern sanitation concept

                                1.2.3 Resource oriented sanitation

                                1.2.4 Basic policy of the postmodern sanitation

                                1.3.1 Case field

                                1.3.2 Current value chain in and around rural household

                                1.3.3 Framework of sanitation business model for rural household in Burkina Faso

                1.4 Discussions

                                1.4.1 Difference of benefit and beneficial actors

                                1.4.2 Advantage of the postmodern sanitation concept

                                1.4.3 Effective approach for the postmodern sanitation

                                1.4.4 Topics requires further accumulation of knowledge and knowhow

                1.5 Conclusions

                Acknowledgements

                References

Chapter 2 Technologies for Resources Oriented Agro-Sanitation System. Overview

                Abstract

                2.1 Introduction

                2.2 The characteristic of feces, urine and grey water

                                2.2.1 Characteristics of human feces

                                2.2.2 Characteristics of human urine

                                2.2.3 Characteristics of grey water

                2.3 The concept for building up the technical part in sanitation value chain

                2.4 Models for Rural and urban area and technologies for these models

                                2.4.1 Rural model

                                2.4.3 Technologies for feces

                                2.4.4 Technologies for urine

                                2.4.5 Technologies for gray water

                                2.4.6 Technologies for agricultural use of urine and reclaimed gray water

                References

Chapter 3 Fate of Carbon in Composting Process

                Abstract

                3.1 Composting Toilet

                3.2 Characteristics of feces

                3.3 Biological activity in the composting reactor of the bio-toilet system

                                3.3.2 TS, VS, and COD reductions

                3.4 Transformation of organic matter based on COD measurements

                3.5 Transformation of organic matter in terms of mass units

                References

Chapter 4 Fate of Nitrogen in Composting Process

                Abstract

                4.1. Introduction

                4.2 Materials and Methods

                                4.2.1 Test Materials

                                4.2.2 Condition of the butch test

                4.3 Summary of test results

                                4.3.1 Component of fecal nitrogen in human feces

                                4.3.2 Oxygen consumption in the composting process

                                4.3.3 Fate of fecal nitrogen in the composting process

                4.4 Conclusion

Chapter 5 Fate of pathogens in Composting Process

                Abstract

                5.2 The effect on microorganisms in composting toilets using model pathogens

                                5.2.1 Moisture content, temperature and pH

                                5.2.2 The effect in actually operating composting toilets

                                5.2.3 Moisture content, temperature and pH

                5.3 Appropriate operational condition from the viewpoint of QMRA

                5.4 Appropriate microbial index for hygienic safety

                5.5 New methods for estimating the mechanisms of microbe inactivation

                5.6 Conclusions

                References

Chapter 6 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process

                Abstract

                6.1 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Human Body

                                6.1.1 Absorption

                                6.1.2 Distribution

                                6.1.4 Excretion

                6.2 Effect of Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process of Feces

                                6.2.1 Single Exposure Effect

                                6.2.2 Reactivation of Amoxicillin-Dosed Composting Reactor by Intermittent Feeding of Feces

                                6.2.3 Role of feces in the composting process

                6.3 Degradation of antibiotics in composting process

                                6.3.1 Factors Affecting the Degradation of Antibiotics

                                6.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Degradation Product

                6.4 Degradation of Other Pharmaceuticals in Composting Process

                                6.4.1 Effect of Feces Loading Ratio and Degradation Characteristics in Composting Process

                                6.4.2 Pharmaceuticals in Practically Operated Composting Toilet

                References

Chapter 7 Fate of Water in Composting Toilet

                Abstract

                7.1. Introduction

                7.2 Experiment

                                7.2.1 Lab scale test

                                7.2.2 Full scale test Condition of the butch test

                7.3 Summary of test results

                                7.3.1 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the lab-scale test

                                                7.3.2 Drying rate of sawdust matrix in the full-scale test and comparison with data from lab-scale test

                7.4 Conclusion

                References

Chapter 8 Design of Composting Type Toilet

                Abstract

                8.1 Introduction

                8.2 Considerations for the operation

                8.3 Considerations for the design

                                8.3.1 Estimation of the drying surface of the composting reactor (A)

                                8.3.2 Estimation of the sawdust matrix volume (VT)

                                8.3.3 Dimensions of the composting reactor

                References

Part 3. Technologies for Urine:

Chapter 9 Components of pure fresh human urine and their fate in storage process

                Abstract

                9.1 Introduction

                                9.2.1 Collection and storage test of fresh urine

                                9.2.2 Pretreatment

                                9.2.3 Determination of amino acid and organic acid in urine

                                9.2.4 Molecular weight distribution of organic matter and determination of pharmaceuticals

                                9.2.5 Analysis of inorganic species and nitrogen compounds

                                9.2.6 Analysis of the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)

                9.4 Fate of urine component during 90 days storage

                                9.4.1 Transformation of organic matter

                                9.4.2 Electrochemical character of urine

                                9.4.3 Fate of pharmaceuticals

                                9.4.5 Evolution of ion species for PO₄^3- precipitation

                9.5 Summary

                References

Chapter 10 Volume reduction of urine

                Abstract

                10.1 Introduction

                10.2 The water transport model of the vertical gauze sheet

                                10.2.1 The Model for describing water in the vertical gauze sheet

                                10.2.2 Experimental set up and material

                10.3 Experimental results: water evaporation rate and confirmation of the model

                                10.3.1 Estimation of the evaporation rate using synthetic urine

                                10.3.2 Estimation of the water supply rate using de-ionized water

                                10.3.3 Estimation of the evaporation rate using de-ionized water and mass transfer coefficient

                                10.3.4 Confirmation of the water transport model of the vertical sheet

                                10.4.1 Design procedure

                                                10.4.2 Estimation of size for a vertical sheet for OVRS adopted to dry climate conditions of Southern Pakistan

                                10.4.3 Other issues which may influence OVRS

                10.5 Conclusion

                References

Chapter 11 Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from urine

                Abstract

                11.1 Introduction

                11.2 Production of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer from urine (Ito et al. 2013)

                                11.2.1 Slow-released nitrogen fertilizer

                                11.2.2 Production of methylene urea from synthetic urine

                                11.2.3 Application to real urine

                11.3 Phosphorous recovery from Urine by heterogeneous crystallization (Ito and Funamizu, 2016)

                                                11.3.1Heterogeneous crystallization of phosphorous by using scallop (Miuhopecten yessoensis) shell

                                11.3.2 Experiment

                                11.3.3 Results-1 Observation of particle surface by SEM-EDS

                                11.3.4 Results-2 Crystal structure of precipitate on the shell surface

                11.4 Summary

                References

Part 4. Technologies for Grey Water

Chapter 12 Slanted Soil System

                Abstract

                12.1 Introduction

                12.2 Materials and Methods

                                12.2.2 Sampling and analysis

                12.3 Results

                                12.3.1 SS removal and clogging

                                12.3.2 Removal of organic materials and LAS

                                12.3.3 Pathogens removal

                                12.3.4 Phytotoxicity test

                12.4 Discussions

                                12.4.1 Treatment performance

                                12.4.2 Reduction characteristics of COD and LAS

                                12.4.3 Design criteria

                12.5 Conclusions

                References

Chapter 13 Membrane System for Grey Water

                Abstract

                13.1 Introduction

                13.2 Higher load greywater characteristics

                13.3 Membrane Bioreactor

                13.4 Nature of conventional sanitation concept and required new policy

                                13.4.1 KSWW only

                                13.4.2 KSWW + WMWW Mixture

                13.5 Flat – plate submerged MBR

                References

Chapter 14 Treatment of Greywater by Geotextile Filter and Intermittent Sand Filtration

                14.1 Introduction

                14.2 Materials and Methods

                                14.2.2 Evaluation of Intermittent Sand Filters

                                14.2.3 Greywater characteristics

                                14.2.4 Sample analysis

                14.3 Results

                                14.3.2 Performance of ISFs and geotextile filter

                14.4 Discussion

                14.5 Conclusions

                References

Part 5. Agriculture

Chapter 15 Application of human urine in agriculture

                Abstract

                15.1 Introduction

                15.2 Adequate human urine application pattern for agriculture

                                15.2.1 Pot experiments

                                15.2.2 Results

                                15.2.3 Discussions

                                15.3.1 Pot experiments

                                15.3.2 Results

                                15.3.3 Discussion

                15.4 Effects of continuous application of extra human urine volume on plan and soil

                                15.4.2 Results

                                15.4.3 Discussion

                References

Chapter 16 On-site Use of Reclaimed Greywater

                Abstract

                16.1 Economic benefit of on-site greywater reuse

                16.2 Quantity of greywater

                16.3 Quality of greywater

                                16.3.1 Suspended Solids

                                16.3.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus

                                16.3.3 pH

                                16.3.4 Salinity and sodium adsorption ratio

                                16.3.5 Oil and Grease

                                16.3.6 Surfactant

                                16.3.7 Microorganisms

                16.4 A case study of on-site greywater reuse in rural area, Burkina Faso.

                                16.4.1 Background

                                16.4.2 Planning of on-site greywater reuse

                                16.4.3 Installing of on-site treatment facilities

                                16.4.4 Monitoring of pilot-garden

                16.5 Conclusion

                References

Part 6. Cases

Chapter 17 Experiment of a resources oriented Agro-Sanitation system in Sahelian rural community: case of Burkina Faso

                Abstract

                17.1 Introduction

                17.2 Experimental sites

                17.3 Greywater treatment

                                17.3.1 Developing the treatment system

                                17.3.2 Complex shower room –slanted soil system

                                17.3.3 Performance

                17.4 Urine treatment

                                17.4.1 Laboratory experiment

                                17.4.2 Field tests and implementation in pilot families

                17.5 Feces treatment

                                17.5.1 Construction of composting toilet pilot

                                17.5.2 Composting process performance

                17.6 Acceptability of the system by users and willingness to reuse by-products

                                17.6.1 Demonstration of urine fertilizer value

                                17.6.2 Feedbacks on acceptability

                References

Chapter 18 Experiment of a resources oriented Agro-Sanitation system for urban slum area: case of Indonesia

                Abstract

                18.1 Introduction

                18.2 Framework of agro-sanitation model for urban slum in Indonesia

                                18.2.1 Overview of case field

                                18.2.2 Agro-sanitation model

                18.3 Economic feasibility assessment of agro-sanitation business model

                                18.3.1 Materials and methods

                                18.3.2 Results

                                18.3.3 Discussion

                18.4 Demand potential assessment

                                18.4.1 Assessment scheme

                                18.4.2 Demand and supply balance

                                18.4.3 Fertilizer price evaluation

                18.5 Discussion on social aspect

                18.6 Conclusions

                References

Provides a comprehensive description of sanitation systems, including business models and agricultural technologies

Includes case studies in Asia and Africa

Serves as an authoritative source of guidelines for installing sanitation systems