An introduction to synchrotron radiation: techniques and applications (hardback)
Techniques and Applications

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Language: English
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368 p. · 17.5x25 cm · Hardback
Since the first use of synchrotron light to investigate the properties of materials half a century ago, it has become increasingly recognized as an invaluable research tool by a broad spectrum of scientists, ranging from physicists and chemists, through molecular biologists and environmental scientists, to geologists and archaeologists. This rising demand for access to synchrotron radiation has also expressed itself in a recent increase in the construction of facilities worldwide to accommodate this diverse and burgeoning user community. Modern synchrotron facilities are therefore one of the premier examples of multidisciplinary research. Major applications of synchrotron light include condensed-matter physics, materials science, catalytical chemistry, structural biology, biological and soft-matter imaging, archaeology, and medicine.

This book introduces the reader to the basic concepts of the generation and manipulation of synchrotron light, its interaction with matter, and the application of synchrotron light in classical techniques. As well as including fundamentals of the main experimental methods, many of the most recent technological developments are described, especially with regards to detectors, time-resolved studies, and the advent of fourth-generation sources. Detailed descriptions, including full-colour illustrations, of the underlying physics and experimental applications are presented, while worked examples facilitate learning from a practical perspective.

Undergraduate and postgraduate students from all areas of natural and physical sciences working with synchrotron light will benefit from this informative text and its heuristic style. In addition, synchrotron scientists and facility staff will find this book a useful reference regarding essential synchrotron radiation techniques and beamline infrastructure, and in optimizing the use of synchrotron light in this rapidly developing multifaceted enterprise.

Preface 11

1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Potted History of X-rays 6
1.2 Synchrotron Sources over the Last Fifty Years 11
References 14

2 The interaction of x-rays with matter 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 18
2.3 Thomson Scattering 20
2.4 Compton scattering 22
2.5 Atomic Scattering Factors 23
2.6 The refractive index, reflection, and absorption 28
2.7 X-ray fluorescence and Auger emission 35
2.8 Concluding remarks 41
References 41

3 Synchrotron Physics 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Overview 43
3.3 Radiation from relativistic electrons 48
3.4 Radio frequency power supply and bunching 52
3.5 Photon beam properties 55
3.6 Bending magnets and superbends 61
3.7 Insertion devices 63
3.8 Future sources of synchrotron light 75
3.9 Concluding remarks 90
References 91

4 Beamlines 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Front end 93
4.3 Primary optics 97
4.4 Microfocus and nanofocus optics 114
4.5 Beam intensity monitors 121
4.6 Detectors 122
4.7 Time-resolved experiments 137
4.8 Concluding remarks 139
References 139

5 Scattering techniques 141
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Diffraction at synchrotron sources 142
5.3 Description of crystals 144
5.4 Basic tenets of x-ray diffraction 149
5.5 Diffraction and the convolution theorem 157
5.6 The phase problem and anomalous diffraction 160
5.7 Types of crystalline samples 169
5.8 Single crystal diffraction 172
5.9 Textured samples 180
5.10 Powder diffraction 183
5.11 Protein crystallography 188
5.12 Ultrafast diffraction using femtoslicing 201
5.13 Surface diffraction 202
5.14 Resonant x-ray diffraction 211
5.15 X-ray reflectometry 214
5.16 Small-angle x-ray scattering 223
5.17 Concluding remarks 235
References 236

6 Spectroscopic techniques 241
6.1 Introduction 241
6.2 X-ray absorption processes 242
6.3 Photoelectron energies, wavelengths and absorption regions 249
6.4 X-ray absorption near-edge structure, XANES 251
6.5 Extended x-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS 260
6.6 Fluorescence spectroscopies 270
6.7 Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy, STXM 281
6.8 Photoemission electron microscopy 287
6.9 Photoemission spectroscopy 296
6.10 Concluding remarks 322
References 322

7 Imaging techniques 327
7.1 Introduction 327
7.2 Computed microtomography 328
7.3 Lensless imaging 352
7.4 Concluding remarks 361
References 362

A Physical constants relevant to synchrotron radiation 365