Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1975

"No attainment is ever final" Vascular disorders of the optic disc and nerve are important not only to the ophthalmologist but also to the neurologist and the internist. To the first specialty group they represent one cause of blindness or severe visual impairment; to the second group the optic disc edema and optic atrophy seen in these disorders can pose serious problems of diagnosis, or give indica­ tions of the involvement of the cerebral circulation; while to the last group they are frequently indicative of systemic disease, particularly of the cardiovas­ cular system. Recent advances in our knowledge of the blood supply of the optic nerve head have shed a significant new light on the subject. With the recent advent of fluorescein fundus angiography, an extra dimension has been added to the study of the ocular and optic disc circulations, and we have entered into a new era in the understanding of ocular vascular disorders "in vivo". In the pre-angiography era, postmortem injection studies, although very valuable, did not completely reveal the vascular pattern of the optic disc in the living, in health, and disease. The ophthalmoscope, without doubt, has been valuable in assessing optic disc lesions, but could not give us informa­ tion on the circulation of the eye and optic disc "in vivo".

Terminology.- I Pathogenesis.- A. Structure of the Anterior Part of the Optic Nerve.- B. The Blood Supply of the Anterior Part of the Optic Nerve.- C. Fluorescein Angiography Pattern of Normal Optic Disc.- D. Pathogenesis of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- Review of the Literature.- Recent Studies.- 1. Local Vascular Causes.- 2. Systemic Causes.- 3. Ocular Causes.- II The Clinical Picture of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- Material and Methods of Present Study.- The Clinical Picture of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- Age.- Sex.- Laterality.- Symptoms.- Visual Acuity.- Fundus Changes.- 1. Optic Disc Changes.- 2. Retinal Changes.- 3. Retinal Vascular Changes.- 4. Macular and Peripapillary Changes.- 5. Peripheral Chorioretinal Degenerative Patches.- Intravenous Fluorescein Fundus Angiography.- 1. Optic Disc Changes.- 2. Choroidal Circulation.- 3. Retinal Circulation.- 4. Chorioretinal Degenerative Lesion.- Pathogenesis of Cupping of the Optic Disc.- 1. Review of Literature.- 2. Recent Studies.- Visual Field Defects.- Pathogenesis of.- 1. Prechiasmal Altitudinal Hemianopias.- 2. Prechiasmal Vertical Hemianopia.- 3. Segmental Visual Field Defects.- 4. Nerve Fiber Bundle Defect.- 5. Peripheral Contraction of Visual Fields.- Anterior Segment of the Eye.- Intraocular Pressure.- Electroretinal Responses.- 1. Electro-Oculographic Studies.- 2. Electro-Retinographic Studies.- Other Ocular Abnormalities.- Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.- Temporal Artery Biopsy.- Systemic Examination.- Differential Diagnosis.- Treatment of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 1. Review of Literature.- 2. Present Study.- 3. Prophylactic Measures against Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- III Systemic and Ocular Diseases Associated with Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- A. Systemic Diseases.- 1. Temporal Arteritis or Giant Cell Arteritis.- 2. Generalized Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis.- 3. Internal Carotid Artery Disease.- 4. Systemic Arterial Hypertension.- 5. Systemic Arterial Hypotension.- 6. Posthemorrhagic Amaurosis.- 7. Diabetes.- 8. Collagen Diseases.- 9. Thromboangiitis Obliterans or Bürger’s Disease.- 10. Vasomotor Disturbances.- 11. Syphilis.- 12. Allergic Disorders.- 13. Hematologic Disorders.- 14. Pulseless Disease.- 15. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus.- 16. Optic Neuropathy of Graves’ Disease.- 17. No Systemic Abnormality.- B. Ocular Diseases.- 1. Glaucoma and Low-Tension Glaucoma.- 2. Compression Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 3. Traumatic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- Conclusions.- References.