Gas Insulated Substations (2^nd Ed.)
IEEE Press Series

GAS INSULATED SUBSTATIONS

An essential reference guide to gas-insulated substations

The second edition of Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) is an all-inclusive reference guide to gas insulated substations (GIS) and its advanced technologies. Updated to the latest technical developments and applications, the guide covers basic physics of gas insulated systems, SF6 insulating gas and its alternatives, safety aspects and factors to choose GIS. GIS technology, its modular structure, control and monitoring systems, testing, installation rules and guidelines for operation, specification, and maintenance. Detailed information on various types for GIS, with 14 reference project explanations and three extensive case studies give information for the best solutions of practical applications. Special solutions using mobile substations concepts, mixed technology switchgear (MTS) with air and gas insulated technology, underground substations, and the use of special GIS substation buildings e.g., shopping centers, parking lots, city parks, business complexes? or subway stations are explained. Future developments of GIS technology are shown for the next steps in alternatives to SF6, low power instrument transformers, and digitalization of substations.

A new chapter explains advanced technologies applied to GIS projects which cover the following; environmental issues for the substation permission process, insulation coordination studies for the network requirements including very fast transients, project scope development, risk-based asset management, health and safety impact, electromagnetic fields, SF6 decomposition byproducts and condition assessment.

Disruptive development steps in gas insulated substations technologies are also covered in this second edition. Vacuum breaking and switching technology for rated voltages of up to 500 kV is explained in detail with its physical background. Principle function and possible implementation of low power instrument transformers (LPIT) are explained and examples of applications are given. The principles of digital twin for gas insulated substations (GIS) and gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) are explained in theory and project applications show the practical use and advantage. The wide and fast-growing technical field of offshore GIS applications for AC and DC is explained on many examples and gives information on special requirements when getting offshore. Theoretical requirements on DC gas insulated systems, methods of testing, prototype installation tests, modular design features, and advantages in applications are given. Finally, impact and advantages of digital substations using GIS are explained.

Key features:

• Written by leading GIS experts involved in development and project applications
• Discusses practical and theoretical aspects
• Detailed material of GIS for new and experienced GIS users, and project planners
• Invaluable guide to practicing electrical, mechanical and civil engineers as well as third- and fourth-year electric power engineering students

Editor Biography xxvii

Contributors xxix

Foreword of Editor xxxi

Foreword PES Substations Committee xxxiii

Foreword GE Grid Solutions xxxv

Foreword Hitachi Energy xxxvii

Foreword Siemens Energy xxxix

Acknowledgements xli

1 Introduction 1
Authors: Hermann Koch, John Brunke
Reviewers: Phil Bolin, Devki Sharma, Jim Massura, George Becker, Scott Scharf, and Michael Novev

1.1 General 1

1.2 Definitions 7

1.3 Standards and References 11

1.4 Ratings 16

2 Basic Information 21
Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, John H. Brunke, and John Boggess, 2nd edition Dave Giegel, Hermann Koch, George Becker, Peter Grossmann, and Pathik Patel
Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, Ed Crocket, Shawn Lav, Jim Massura, Tony Lim, Ricardo Arredondo, Chuck Hand, and Dave Giegel 2nd edition Arnaud Ficheux, George Becker, Pathik Patel, John Brunke, Michael Novev, Scott Scharf, and Nick Matone

2.1 History 21

2.2 Physics of Gas-Insulated Switchgear 36

2.3 Reliability and Availability 41

2.4 Design 51

2.5 Safety 53

2.6 Grounding and Bonding 61

2.7 Factors for Choosing Gas-Insulated Substations 66

2.8 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) 70

2.9 Alternative Gasses to SF6 105

2.10 When to Use Gas-Insulated Substations 120

2.11 Comparison High Voltage and Medium Voltage AIS, MTS and GIS 125

3 Technology 153
Authors: 1st edition: Hermann Koch, George Becker, Xi Zhu, Devki Sharma, Arnaud Ficheux, and Dave Lin; 2nd edition: Dave Solhtalab, George Becker, Xi Zhu, and Vipul Bhagat
Reviewers: 1st edition: Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, Patrick Fitzgerald, George Becker, Toni Lin, Chuck Hand, Xi Zhu, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Giegel, Eduard Crockett, Pravakar Samanta, John Brunke, 2nd edition: Scott Scharf, Michael Novev, and Nick Matone

3.1 General 153

3.2 Modular Components, Design, and Development Process 156

3.3 Manufacturing 169

3.4 Specification Development 179

3.5 Instrument Transformers 205

3.6 Interfaces 207

3.7 Gas-Insulated Surge Arresters 220

3.8 Gas-Insulated Bus 222

3.9 Guidelines for GIS 236

4 Control and Monitoring 243
Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Noboru Fujimoto, and Pravakar Samanta
Reviewers: 1st edition Noboru Fujimoto, Hermann Koch, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, Xi Zhu, John Brunke, Arnaud Ficheux, and Michael Novev, 2nd edition Michael Novev, and Arnaud Ficheux

4.1 General 243

4.2 GIS Monitoring 243

4.3 Local Control Cabinet 251

4.4 Digital Communication 257

5 Testing 271
Authors: 1st edition Peter Grossmann, Charles L Hand, 2nd edition Dave Giegel, Coboyo Bodjona,
Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Xi Zhu, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Solhtalab, Jim Massura, Eduard Crockett, Hermann Koch, and 2nd edition Hermann Koch

5.1 General 271

5.2 Type Tests 271

5.3 Routine Tests 276

5.4 Onsite Field Testing 279

5.5 Guidelines for Onsite Tests 282

5.6 Best Practice for On-Site Field Testing 283

6 Installation 293
Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Richard Jones, James Massura
Reviewers: Phil Bolin, John Brunke, Michael Novev, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, 2nd edition John Brunke, Michael Novev, and Pravakar Samanta

6.1 General 293

6.2 Installation 293

6.3 Energization: Connecting to the Power Grid 323

7 Operation and Maintenance 325
Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Charles L Hand, Arnaud Ficheux, Richard Jones, Ravi Dhara, 2nd edition Richard Jones,
Reviewers: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Noboru Fujimoto, Dave Solhtalab, Richard Jones, Devki Sharma, George Becker, Dick Jones, Hermann Koch, 2nd edition Ryan Stone, Patrick Fitzgerald, Gerd Ottehenning, Coboyo Bodyona and Hermann Koch

7.1 General 325

7.2 Operation of a Gas-Insulated Substation 326

7.3 Maintenance 344

7.4 SF6 Gas Leakage Repair 345

7.5 Repair 348

7.6 Extensions 349

7.8 Overloading and Thermal Limits 356

7.9 Maintenance and Operations Pointers 361

7.10 Lessons Learned 366

8 Applications 371
Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, William Labos, Peter Grossmann, Arun Arora, and Dave Solhtalab, 2nd edition Hermann Koch, and Dave Mitchell
Reviewer: 1st edition Phil Bolin, Hermann Koch, Devki Sharma, Ewald Warzecha, George Becker, John Brunke, Peter Grossmann, Arnaud Ficheux, Pravakar Samanta, Scott Scharf, Ravi Dhara, and Chuck Hands, 2nd edition Denis Steyn, Petr Rudenko, Stefan Schedl, Scott Scharf, Mark Kuschel, and Bala Kotharu

8.1 General 371

8.2 Typical GIS Layouts 371

8.3 Reference Projects 374

8.4 GIS Case Studies 418

8.5 Mobile Substations 453

8.6 Mixed Technology Switchgear (MTS) 464

8.7 Future Developments 468

8.8 Underground Substations 477

8.9 Special Substation Buildings 502

9 Advanced Technologies 525
Authors: 1st edition Hermann Koch, Venkatesh Minisandram, Arnaud Ficheux, George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, and Jorge Márquez-Sánchez 2nd Edition Hermann Koch, Maria Kosse, George Becker, George Becker, Mark Kuschel, Aron Heck, Dirk Helbig, Uwe Riechert
Reviewers: 1st Edition George Becker, Devki Sharma, Noboru Fujimoto, Venkatesh Minisandram, Phil Bolin, Pravakar Samanta, Hermann Koch, Linda Zhao, Xi Zhu, John Brunke, Dick Jones, Linda Zhao, David Lin, Devki Sharma, and Patrick Fitzgerald, 2nd Edition Michael Novev, Pablo Gonzales Toza, George Becker, Hermann Koch, Dick Jones, Bala Kotharu, Johne Brunke, James Massura, Dirk Helbig, Mark Kuschel, Arnaud Ficheux, Robert Lüscher, and Aron Heck

9.1 General 525

9.2 Environment 526

9.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 537

9.4 Insulation Coordination Study 545

9.5 Very Fast Transients 548

9.6 Project Scope Development 559

9.7 Risk-Based Asset Management of Gas-Insulated Substations and Equipment 563

9.8 Health and Safety Impact 572

9.9 Electromagnetic Field 573

9.10 SF6 Decomposition Byproducts 574

9.11 Condition Assessment 577

9.12 Gas-Insulated Substations for Enhanced Resiliency 618

9.13 Vacuum High Voltage Switching 635

9.14 Low Power Instrument Transformer 654

9.15 Digital Twin of GIS and GIL 664

9.16 Offshore GIS 689

9.17 HVDC GIS 726

9.18 Digital Substation 748

10 Conclusion 765
Author: Hermann Koch
Reviewer: Dave Solhtalab

Index 767

Hermann J. Koch, drkochconsulting, Germany.