Motivation, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1983

Motivation addresses a central problem in psychology: Why does an animal's behavior fluctuate in the face of an unaltered environment? In a sense this is the opposite of the question from which work on motivation began, and for which Claude Bernard invented the concept of the fixity of the internal milieu: How does an animal maintain constancy in the face of a fluctuating environment? Dealing with motivation has become extremely complex as new experiments, phenomena, and theories have extended the concept. This book embodies some of the ways in which work on motivation is currently proceeding. One of the major changes has been the recognition that motivation cannot be explained without an understanding of the biological rhythms and activational systems that underlie behavior. Another is that ecological and evolutionary perspectives add enormously to answering the central problem of why an animal does what it does when it does. The book suffers from several omissions. There is no chapter on the devel­ opment of motivated behavior. There is none on reward systems in the brain, owing to the untimely death of James Olds, whose contribution would have enriched this book appreciably, and to whom we dedicate it. EVELYN SATINOFF PHILIP TEITELBAUM Vll Contents PART I UNDERLYING ACTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS CHAPTER 1 Motivation, Biological Clocks, and Temporal Organization of Behavior 3 Irving Zucker Reactivity to External Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Reactivity to Interoceptive Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sources of Biological Rhythmicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rhythm Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . Rhythm Synchronization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . . . . . . . . . . Consequences of Rhythm Desynchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . .

I Underlying Activational Systems.- 1 Motivation, Biological Clocks, and Temporal Organization of Behavior.- 2 Sources of Spontaneity in Motivated Behavior.- 3 The Role of the Cerebral Cortex and Ascending Activating Systems in the Control of Behavior.- 4 Sleep States.- II Ethological Perspectives.- 5 Ethological Models of Hierarchy and Patterning of Species-Specific Behavior.- 6 Prey Selection by Frogs and Toads: A Neuroethological Model.- III Homeostasis.- 7 The Trigeminal System and Ingestive Behavior.- 8 Brain Neurochemistry and the Control of Food Intake.- 9 The Neuropsychology of Drinking Behavior.- IV Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives.- 10 An Ecological Perspective of Reinforcement and Motivation.- 11 A Reevaluation of the Concept of the Homeostatic Organization of Temperature Regulation.- V Social Interactions.- 12 The Origin of Sexual Behavior: A Functional Analysis.- 13 The Motivation of Aggression.- 14 Social Separation in Monkeys as Viewed from Several Motivational Perspectives.