Chapter 1 Neurocognitive changes in HIV: Evolution of Treatment of HIV Infection. Erna Milunka Kojic, M.D. Charles Carpenter, M.D. Chapter 2 Global incidence and epidemiology of the AIDS pandemic, distribution of HIV subtypes and epidemiology of Hepatitis C infection among HIV positive individuals. Karen T. Tashima, M.D., Aadia Rana, M.D. Chapter 3 New Insights into HIV Neuropathogenesis. Tory P. Johnson, M.S., Avindra Nath, M.D. Chapter 4 Neuropathological findings associated with long term HAART treatment. Ian. C. Anthony, Ph.D., Jeanne E. Bell, M.D. Chapter 5 Biomarkers of HIV related Central Nervous System Disease. Bruce James Brew MBBS MD FRACP, Scott L. Letendre MD Chapter 6 Neuroimaging Among HIV Infected Patients: Current Knowledge and Future Directions David F. Tate, Ph.D., Jared Conley, B.S., Dominik Meier, Ph.D., Bradford Navia, M.D., Ph.D., Ronald Cohen, Ph.D., Charles R.G. Guttmann, M.D. Chapter 7 The assessment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: New challenges in the HAART era Chronic neuro-AIDS, long-term cognitive assessment, and new risk factors Lucette A. Cysique, Ph.D., Bruce J. Brew MBBS MD FRACP Chapter 8 The changing face of HIV-associated cognitive and neuropsychiatric disturbance. Ron Cohen, Ph.D. Chapter 9 Youth with HIV/AIDS: Neurobehavioral Consequences Susannah Allison, Ph.D., Pamela L. Wolters, Ph.D., Pim Brouwers, Ph.D. Chapter 10 Co-occurrence of HIV, Hepatitis C, and Substance Use Disorders: Effects on Brain Functioning. Raul Gonzalez, Ph.D., Phillip J. Quartana, Ph.D., Eileen M. Martin, Ph.D. Chapter 11 The Functional Impact of HIV-associated Neuropsychological Decline Matthew J. Wright, Ph.D., Ellen Woo, Ph.D., Terry R. Barclay, Ph.D., & Charles H. Hinkin, Ph.D. Chapter 12 Adjunctive therapy for long-term support of cognitive impairment Joshua T. Dearborn, M.A., Susan E. Maloney, M. A., Nicole Hicklin, M.A. Elizabeth M. Lane, B.A., Robert Paul, Ph.D. Chapter 13 HIV-1 Genetic diversity and its biological significance. Michael M. Thomson, M.D., Ph.D. Chapter 14 Opportunistic infections in the brain in developing countries Marcus Tulius T Silva, M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D., Beatriz Grinsztejn, M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D. Chapter 15 Impact of clade diversity on neuropsychological outcomes Robert Paul, Ph.D., Ned Sacktor, M.D., Lucette Cysique, Ph.D., Bruce Brew, M.D., Victor Valcour, M.D. Chapter 16 The effects of aging on HIV disease Robert C. Kalayjian, M.D., Lena Al-Harthi, Ph.D. Chapter 17 Neuropsychology of Healthy Aging Molly E. Zimmerman, Ph.D., Adam M. Brickman, Ph.D. Chapter 18 Interactions between Advanced Age and HIV Cognitive Impairment Victor Valcour, M.D., Aaron McMurtray , M.D.