Lipid Metabolism in Mammals, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1977
Monographs in Lipid Research Series, Vol. 2

During the past decade we have witnessed a vast expansion in our knowl­ edge of lipid metabolism, especially for mammalian tissues. One obvious conclusion arising from these studies is that no single overall scheme of lipid metabolism can be classed as distinctly characteristic of all mamma­ lian organs. Although certain synthetic and degradative lipid pathways are similar in a variety of organs, I have been impressed by the notable exceptions. I was motivated to organize this work on Lipid Metabolism in Mammals because of the lack of a single reference source containing a comparative organ approach to lipid metabolism in mammals that empha­ sizes the uniqueness of pathways in the various organs of the body. Because of the escalation in lipid research, I also feel strongly that there is an urgent need for an updated concise account of this field. The group of authors for the chapters in the two volumes of Lipid Metabolism in Mammals were selected for their expertise and personal experience with the lipid metabolism of the organs or blood constituents that are the subjects of the chapters. Sufficient leeway has been given each author to approach the subject matter from a personal viewpoint. How­ ever, the overall direction of each chapter has been slanted to emphasize the similarities and differences in lipid metabolism among organ systems. The introductory chapter on general pathways provides a convenient refer­ ence to illustrations of specific reaction sequences that are well established of organs.

Lung.- I. Introduction.- II. Fatty Acid Metabolism.- A. Biosynthesis.- B. Oxidation.- III. Complex Lipid Metabolism.- A. PC and Dipalmitoyl-PC Biosynthesis.- B. Transmethylation of PE to PC.- C. Metabolism of PG.- D. Degradative Processes.- IV. Cellular Sites of Lipid Metabolism.- V. Developmental and Control Aspects.- References.- Kidney.- I. Introduction.- II. Free Fatty Acids.- III. Phospholipids.- A. Composition.- B. Metabolism.- IV. Cholesterol.- V. Prostaglandins.- A. General Properties.- B. Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- VI. Sphingolipids.- A. Long-Chain Bases.- B. Ceramide.- C. Sphingomyelin.- D. Neutral Glycosphingolipids.- E. Sulfatides.- F. Gangliosides.- VII. Vitamin D3.- References.- Gonadal Tissue.- I. Introduction.- II. Major Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition.- A. Normal Values in Adult Organs of Various Species.- B. Changes with Development.- C. Effect of Diet, Drugs, and Other Factors.- III. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Major Lipid Classes and of Fatty Acids.- A. Testes.- B. Ovaries.- IV. Other Lipids.- A. Prostaglandins.- B. Glycolipids.- V. Lipids and Lipid Metabolism in Spermatozoa.- VI. Role of Lipids in Reproduction.- VII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Mammary Glands.- I. Introduction.- II. Fatty Acid Synthesis and Oxidation in Lactating Mammary Glands.- A. Source of Carbon Atoms for Mük Fat Synthesis.- B. Purification of Enzymes Involved in Fatty Acid Synthesis de Novo.- C. Fatty Acid Chain Termination.- D. Fatty Acid Desaturation.- E. Fatty Acid Oxidation.- III. Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid Synthesis in Lactating Mammary Glands.- A. Lipoprotein Lipase and the Uptake of Lipid.- B. sn -Glycerol 3-P Pathway of Glyceride Synthesis.- C. Monoacylglycerol Pathway of Glyceride Synthesis.- D. Esterification in Milk.- E. Fatty Acid Composition of Milk.- IV. Hormonal Control of Milk Fat Synthesis.- A. Adaptive Changes in Lipogenic Enzymes during the Lactation Cycle.- B. The Role of Cyclic Nucleotides.- C. Use of Cell and Organ Cultures for Studies on the Hormonal Control of Milk Fat Synthesis.- References.- The Eye.- I. Introduction.- II. Ocular Anatomy.- III. Lens.- A. Morphology and General Metabolism.- B. Lipid Composition.- C. Lipid Metabolism during Growth.- D. Lipids in Cataract.- IV. Retina and Optic Nerve.- A. Morphology and General Metabolism.- B. Lipid Metabolism.- C. Lipids and the Visual System.- D. Lipids of Optic Nerve.- E. Lipids Involved in Pathological Conditions.- V. Cornea and Sclera.- A. Morphology and General Metabolism.- B. Lipids.- C. Lipids during Aging and in Pathological Conditions.- VI. Iris, Ciliary Body, and Choroid.- A. Morphology and General Metabolism.- B. Lipids.- VII. Vitreous Body, Aqueous Humor, and Tear Fluid.- A. Vitreous Body.- B. Aqueous Humor.- C. Tear Fluid.- References.- Skeletal Muscle.- I. Lipid Composition of Mammalian Skeletal Muscle.- A. Whole Muscle.- B. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- C. Sarcolemma and Mitochondria.- II. Lipid Metabolism.- A. Biosynthesis.- B. Acyltransferase Activities.- C. Turnover of Phospholipids.- III. Lipid Metabolism in Muscular Dystrophy.- A. Human Muscular Dystrophy.- B. Muscular Dystrophy in Experimental Animals.- C. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- IV. Role of Phospholipids in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- V. Energy Factors in Muscular Exercise.- A. Lipids as an Energy Source.- B. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria.- References.- Skin.- I. Structure of Skin.- II. Sampling Skin Lipids.- III. Composition of Skin Lipids.- A. Nature of Skin Surface Lipids.- B. Nature of Epidermal Lipids.- C. Nature of Sebaceous Gland Lipids.- IV. Factors Affecting Rate of Sebum Production.- V. Factors Affecting the Composition of Skin Surface Lipids.- VI. Lipogenesis in Skin.- VII. Sterol Metabolism in Skin.- VIII. Biochemistry of Specialized Sebaceous Structures.- References.- Calcified Tissues.- I. Introduction.- II. Anatomy and Physiology of Teeth and Bone.- A. Macroscopic and Microscopic Organization of Teeth.- B. Macroscopic and Microscopic Organization of Bone.- C. Matrix of Teeth and Bone.- D. General Metabolism of Teeth and Bone.- III. Histochemical Observations on Lipids of Calcified Tissues.- A. General Histochemical Technology.- B. Histochemical Demonstration of Lipids in Calcified Tissues.- C. The Sudanophilic Reaction.- IV. Lipid Extraction Procedures for Calcified Tissues.- A. Sample Preparation.- B. Demineralization of Calcified Tissues.- C. Acidified Solvents and Solvent Artifacts.- V. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Mineralized Tissues.- A. Lipid Analysis of Teeth.- B. Lipid Analysis of Bone.- VI. In Vitro Lipid Metabolism by Bone and Bone Cell Cultures.- A. Experimental Methodology.- B. Incorporation of [14C] Glycerol into Lipids of Rat Calvaria and Bone Cell Cultures.- C. Incorporation of [14C] Glucose into Lipids of Rat Calvaria and Bone Cell Cultures.- D. Incorporation of [32P] Phosphate into Lipids of Rat Calvaria and Bone Cell Cultures.- E. Incorporation of [14C] Acetate into Lipids of Rat Calvaria and Bone Cell Cultures.- F. Incorporation of Radioactive Bases into Lipids of Rat Calvaria.- G. In Vitro Incorporation of [14C] Palmitic and [14C] Oleic Acids into Rat Calvaria.- H. Lipid Synthesis by Frozen-Thawed Bones.- I. Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors on Bone Lipid Synthesis.- J. In Vitro Bone Lipid Synthesis in Air or Nitrogen.- K. Effect of Exogenous Lipids on Lipid Synthesis from [14C]Acetate by Bone and Bone Cell Cultures.- L. Effect of Beta-Aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) on Lipid Synthesis from [14C]Acetate by Calvaria and Bone Cell Cultures.- M. Effect of Chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) on Incorporation of Radioactive Precursors into Lipids of Calvaria.- N. Effect of Triton WR-1339 on Lipid Synthesis by Calvaria and Bone Cell Cultures.- O. Lipid Biosynthesis from [14C]Acetate by Rat Calvaria of Different Ages.- VII. The Role of Lipids in Calcification.- A. Binding of Calcium and Phosphate by Lipids.- B. Matrix Vesicles.- C. Release of Lipid-Bound Calcium.- D. Induction of Calcification by Lipids.- VIII. Summary.- References.- Cancer Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Fatty Acids.- A. Biosynthesis.- B. Desaturation.- C. Oxidation.- III. Fatty Alcohols.- IV. Glycerolipids.- A. Biosynthesis.- B. Degradation.- V. Glycolipids.- VI. Cholesterol.- References.- Harderian Gland.- I. Introduction.- II. Lipid Composition.- III. Lipid Metabolism.- IV. Epilogue.- References.- Cultured Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Cellular Lipid Nutrition.- III. Factors Influencing Cell Cholesterol Uptake.- IV. Feedback Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis.- V. Genetic Abnormalities in Regulation of Cholesterol Synthesis.- VI. Feedback Control of Acetate Incorporation into Cell Lipids.- VII. Defective Control of Lipid Metabolism in Tumors and Transformed Cells.- VIII. Essential Fatty Acid Requirements and Metabolism.- IX. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Lipid Changes in Membranes during Growth and Development.- I. Introduction.- A. Growth versus Development.- B. Role of Membrane Lipids.- C. Compositional Changes: Synthesis, Insertion, and Turnover.- II. The Cell Cycle.- A. Methodology.- B. Surface Membranes.- C. Other Membranes.- III. Stimulation of Quiescent Cells.- A. Cultured Cells.- B. Lymphocytes.- IV. Embryonic Development.- A. Sea Urchins.- B. Frogs.- V. Other Developmental Situations.- A. Muscle: Membrane Fusion.- B. Testis.- C. Brain.- VI. Abnormal Development.- A. Sphingolipidoses.- B. Cancer.- VII. Conclusions.- References.