Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems, Transportation and Industrial Applications
IEEE Press Series

Compiles current research into the analysis and design of power electronic converters for industrial applications and renewable energy systems, presenting modern and future applications of power electronics systems in the field of electrical vehicles

With emphasis on the importance and long-term viability of Power Electronics for Renewable Energy this book brings together the state of the art knowledge and cutting-edge techniques in various stages of research.  The topics included are not currently available for practicing professionals and aim to enable the reader to directly apply the knowledge gained to their designs. The book addresses the practical issues of current and future electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and focuses primarily on power electronics and motor drives based solutions for electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Propulsion system requirements and motor sizing for EVs is discussed, along with practical system sizing examples. Key EV battery technologies are explained as well as corresponding battery management issues. PHEV power system architectures and advanced power electronics intensive charging infrastructures for EVs and PHEVs are detailed. EV/PHEV interface with renewable energy is described, with practical examples. This book explores new topics for further research needed world-wide, and defines existing challenges, concerns, and selected problems that comply with international trends, standards, and programs for electric power conversion, distribution, and sustainable energy development. It will lead to the advancement of the current state-of-the art applications of power electronics for renewable energy, transportation, and industrial applications and will help add experience in the various industries and academia about the energy conversion technology and distributed energy sources. 

• Combines state of the art global expertise to present the latest research on power electronics and its application in transportation, renewable energy and different industrial applications
• Offers an overview of existing technology and future trends, with discussion and analysis of different types of converters and control techniques (power converters, high performance power devices, power system, high performance control system and novel applications)
• Systematic explanation to provide researchers with enough background and understanding to go deeper in the topics covered in the book

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxv

List of Contributors xxvii

1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Energy 2

1.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 3

1.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 8

1.5 Smart Grid 20

1.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 21

1.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23

References 25

2 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 28

2.3 Renewable Energy Systems 34

2.4 Transportation Systems 41

2.5 Energy Storage Systems 42

2.6 Conclusions 47

References 47

3 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 50

3.1 Introduction 50

3.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 51

3.3 Photovoltaic Generators 52

3.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 55

3.5 Energy Storage Systems 56

3.6 Electric Vehicles 57

3.7 Microgrids 57

3.8 Smart Grid Issues 59

3.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 60

3.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 61

3.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 62

3.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63

References 65

4 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Silicon Power Transistors 70

4.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 75

4.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 80

4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 89

4.6 Overview of Applications 97

4.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 100

4.8 Summary 102

References 102

5 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation 107

5.1 Introduction 107

5.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 108

5.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 112

5.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 113

5.5 Design Procedure 122

5.6 Analysis 123

5.7 Applications 126

5.8 Summary 133

Acknowledgment 133

References 133

6 High Power Electronics: Key Technology forWind Turbines 136

6.1 Introduction 136

6.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 137

6.3 Wind Power Conversion 138

6.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 143

6.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 149

6.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 150

6.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 155

6.8 Conclusion 156

References 156

7 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 160

7.1 Introduction 160

7.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 162

7.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 165

7.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 181

7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 192

7.6 Summary 195

References 195

8 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 199

8.1 Introduction 199

8.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 201

8.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 202

8.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 208

8.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 219

8.6 Conclusions 228

References 229

9 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 231

9.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 231

9.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 243

9.3 Ancillary Feature 259

9.4 Summary 267

References 268

10 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 270

10.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 270

10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 280

10.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 305

References 317

11 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 319

11.1 Introduction 319

11.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 328

11.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 334

11.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 345

11.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 356

11.6 Summary and Conclusions 361

References 362

12 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 365

12.1 Introduction 365

12.2 More Electric Aircraft 367

12.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 372

12.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 374

12.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 378

12.6 Power Distribution 381

12.7 Conclusions 384

References 385

13 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 387

13.1 Introduction 387

13.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 388

13.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 392

13.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 404

13.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 407

13.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 410

References 419

14 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 422

14.1 Introduction 422

14.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 423

14.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 432

14.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 444

14.5 Summary 459

Acknowledgment 461

References 461

15 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 463

15.1 Introduction 463

15.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 464

15.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 484

15.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 488

15.5 Sample Results 499

Acknowledgment 501

References 501

16 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 503

16.1 Introduction 503

16.2 Basic Boost PFC 504

16.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 511

16.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 519

16.5 Conclusion 528

References 529

17 Active Power Filter 534

17.1 Introduction 534

17.2 Harmonics 535

17.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 535

17.4 International Standards for Harmonics 536

17.5 Types of Harmonics 537

17.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 537

17.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 537

17.6 Passive Filters 539

17.7 Power Definitions 540

17.8 Active Power Filters 543

17.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 547

17.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 548

17.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 555

17.12 Series Active Power Filter 564

17.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565

Acknowledgment 569

References 569

18A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool 573

18A.1 Background 573

18A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 575

18A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 581

18A.4 Results and Conclusions 583

References 589

18B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 591

18B.1 Introduction 591

18B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 597

18B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 598

18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 601

18B.5 Conclusion 606

References 606

19 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 608

19.1 Introduction 608

19.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 609

19.3 Predictive Current Control 613

19.4 Predictive Torque Control 617

19.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 619

19.6 Predictive Speed Control 622

19.7 Conclusions 626

Acknowledgment 627

References 627

20 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 630

20.1 Introduction 630

20.2 The Drive System Structure 631

20.3 The PWM in CSCs 633

20.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 636

20.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 639

20.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 641

20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 651

20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 657

20.9 Conclusion 661

References 662

21 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 664

21.1 Introduction 664

21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 671

21.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 674

21.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 682

21.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 683

21.6 Summary 692

References 692

22 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 695

22.1 Introduction 695

22.2 LNG Plants 696

22.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 697

22.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 699

22.5 High-Power Electric Motors 700

22.6 High-Power Electric Drives 705

22.7 Switching Devices 705

22.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 709

22.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 711

22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 719

22.11 Conclusion 723

Acknowledgment 724

References 724

23 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 727

23.1 Introduction 727

23.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 729

23.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 748

23.4 Summary 763

References 763

24 Impedance Source Inverters 766

24.1 Multilevel Inverters 766

24.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 767

24.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 775

24.4 Hardware Implementation 780

Acknowledgments 782

References 782

Index 787

Haitham Abu-Rub is currently a professor at Texas A&M University at Qatar. His main research interests are energy conversion systems, including renewable and electromechanical systems. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers, coauthored four books, supervised several lucrative research projects, and is also an editor of several international journals such as in the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. He is currently leading various potential projects on photovoltaic and hybrid renewable power generation systems with different types of converters.

Mariusz Malinowski is currently with the Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics (ICIE) at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). He has authored more than 100 technical papers and is the holder of two implemented patents. Dr. Malinowski is also an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, and previously edited the IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. He was the recipient of the Siemens Prize (2002, 2007) and the Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education Awards (2003, 2008). He also received IEEE IES David Irwin Early Career Award for “Outstanding research and development of modulation and control for industrial electronics converters” in 2011.

Kamal Al-Haddad has been a professor with the École de Technologie Supérieure’s Electrical Engineering Department since 1990. He has supervised 90 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics  for various industrial systems, including modelling, simulation, control, and packaging. He has also coauthored more than 400 transactions and conference papers, transferred 21 technologies to the industry, and is accredited with codeveloping the SimPowerSystem toolbox. Kamal Al-Haddad is currently a fellow member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, IEEE-IES President Elect 2014–2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Inform