Power Ultrasonics
Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials Series

• List of contributors
• Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
• 1. Introduction to power ultrasonics
  • Abstract
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 The field of ultrasonics
  • 1.3 Power ultrasonics
  • 1.4 Historical notes
  • 1.5 Coverage of this book
• Part One: Fundamentals
  • 2. High-intensity ultrasonic waves in fluids: nonlinear propagation and effects
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgments
    • 2.1 Introduction
    • 2.2 Nonlinear phenomena
    • 2.3 Nonlinear interactions within the acoustic mode
    • 2.4 Nonlinear interactions between the acoustic and nonacoustic modes
    • 2.5 Conclusion
  • 3. Acoustic cavitation: bubble dynamics in high-power ultrasonic fields
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgments
    • 3.1 Introduction
    • 3.2 Cavitation thresholds
    • 3.3 Single-bubble dynamics
    • 3.4 Bubble ensemble dynamics
    • 3.5 Acoustic cavitation noise
    • 3.6 Sonoluminescence
    • 3.7 Conclusions
  • 4. High-intensity ultrasonic waves in solids: nonlinear dynamics and effects
    • Abstract
    • 4.1 Introduction
    • 4.2 Fundamental nonlinear equations
    • 4.3 Nonlinear effects in progressive and stationary waves
    • 4.4 Conclusions
  • 5. Piezoelectric ceramic materials for power ultrasonic transducers
    • Abstract
    • 5.1 Introduction
    • 5.2 Fundamentals of ferro-piezoelectric ceramics
    • 5.3 Characterization methods of ceramics from piezoelectric resonances
    • 5.4 Applications of the iterative automatic method in the characterization of ceramics
    • 5.5 Lead-free piezoceramics for environmental protection
    • 5.6 Future trends
  • 6. Power ultrasonic transducers: principles and design
    • Abstract
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 Ultrasonic vibrations: mechanical oscillator
    • 6.3 Ultrasonic vibrations: longitudinal vibrations
    • 6.4 Piezoelectric materials
    • 6.5 The power ultrasonic transducer
    • 6.6 Transducer characterization and control
    • 6.7 Modeling transducer behavior
    • 6.8 Transducer development
    • 6.9 Future trends
    • 6.10 Sources of further information and advice
  • 7. Power ultrasonic transducers with vibrating plate radiators
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgments
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Structure of transducers: basic design
    • 7.3 Finite element modeling
    • 7.4 Controlling nonlinear vibration behavior
    • 7.5 Fatigue limitations of transducers
    • 7.6 Characteristics of the different types of plate transducers
    • 7.7 Evaluating transducers in power operation: electrical, vibrational, acoustic, and thermal characteristics
    • 7.8 Conclusions and future trends
  • 8. Measurement techniques in power ultrasonics
    • Abstract
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Characterizing the source
    • 8.3 Characterizing the generated ultrasound field
    • 8.4 Characterizing the resultant acoustic cavitation
    • 8.5 Case studies: characterizing two cavitating systems
    • 8.6 Conclusions
  • 9. Modeling of power ultrasonic transducers
    • Abstract
    • 9.1 Introduction
    • 9.2 Transduction and elastic wave propagation in solids
    • 9.3 Acoustic waves in fluids and fluid–structure coupling
    • 9.4 The unbounded problem: far-field radiation of acoustic waves
  • 10. Modeling energy losses in power ultrasound transducers
    • Abstract
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 Modeling linear and nonlinear behavior
    • 10.3 Experimental validation and simulation testing
    • 10.4 Assessing model performance
    • 10.5 Conclusions
• Part Two: Welding, metal forming, and machining applications
  • 11. Ultrasonic welding of metals
    • Abstract
    • 11.1 Introduction
    • 11.2 Principles of ultrasonic metal welding
    • 11.3 Ultrasonic welding equipment
    • 11.4 Mechanics and metallurgy of the ultrasonic weld
    • 11.5 Applications of ultrasonic welding
    • 11.6 Process advantages and disadvantages
    • 11.7 Future trends
    • 11.8 Sources of further information and advice
  • 12. Ultrasonic welding of plastics and polymeric composites
    • Abstract
    • 12.1 Introduction
    • 12.2 Theory of the ultrasonic welding process
    • 12.3 Description of plunge and continuous welding processes
    • 12.4 Ultrasonic welding equipment
    • 12.5 Joint and part design
    • 12.6 Material weldability
  • 13. Power ultrasonics for additive manufacturing and consolidating of materials
    • Abstract
    • 13.1 Introduction
    • 13.2 Ultrasonic additive manufacturing
    • 13.3 Applications of ultrasonic additive manufacturing
    • 13.4 Future trends
    • 13.5 Conclusion
  • 14. Ultrasonic metal forming: materials
    • Abstract
    • 14.1 Introduction
    • 14.2 Microstructure effects
    • 14.3 Macroscopic behavior
    • 14.4 Surface friction
    • 14.5 Future trends
    • 14.6 Sources of further information and advice
  • 15. Ultrasonic metal forming: processing
    • Abstract
    • 15.1 Introduction
    • 15.2 Wire and tube drawing
    • 15.3 Deep drawing and bending
    • 15.4 Forging and extrusion
    • 15.5 Ultrasonic rolling
    • 15.6 Other forming processes
    • 15.7 Future trends
    • 15.8 Sources of further information and advice
  • 16. Using power ultrasonics in machine tools
    • Abstract
    • 16.1 Introduction
    • 16.2 Historical and technical review
    • 16.3 Ultrasonic machine tool processes: ultrasonic turning
    • 16.4 Ultrasonic drilling and milling
    • 16.5 Ultrasonic grinding
    • 16.6 Allied ultrasonic machining processes
    • 16.7 Ultrasonic machine tools for production
    • 16.8 Future trends
    • 16.9 Sources of further information and advice
• Part Three: Engineering and medical applications
  • 17. Ultrasonic motors
    • Abstract
    • 17.1 Introduction
    • 17.2 Traveling-wave ultrasonic motors
    • 17.3 Hybrid transducer ultrasonic motors
    • 17.4 Performance of ultrasonic motors and driver circuits
    • 17.5 Conclusion and future trends
  • 18. Power ultrasound for the production of nanomaterials
    • Abstract
    • 18.1 Introduction
    • 18.2 Ultrasound synthesis of metallic nanoparticles
    • 18.3 Ultrasound synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles
    • 18.4 Ultrasound synthesis of chalcogenide nanoparticles
    • 18.5 Ultrasound synthesis of metal halide nanoparticles
    • 18.6 Using ultrasonic waves in the synthesis of graphene, graphene oxide, and other nanomaterials
    • 18.7 The use of ultrasound for the deposition of nanoparticles on substrates
    • 18.8 Ultrasound synthesis of micro- and nanospheres
    • 18.9 Conclusions and future trends
  • 19. Ultrasonic cleaning and washing of surfaces
    • Abstract
    • 19.1 Introduction
    • 19.2 The use of ultrasound in cleaning
    • 19.3 Ultrasonic cleaning technology
    • 19.4 Mechanism of ultrasonic cleaning
    • 19.5 Ultrasonic cleaning process variables
    • 19.6 The role of chemical additives and temperature
    • 19.7 Achieving optimum ultrasonic cleaning performance
    • 19.8 Evaluating ultrasonic cleaning performance
    • 19.9 Advances in technology
    • 19.10 Damage mechanisms
    • 19.11 Megasonics
    • 19.12 Future trends
    • 19.13 Sources of further information and advice
    • Appendix ultrasonic washing of textiles (contributed by Juan A. Gallego-Juárez)
  • 20. Ultrasonic degassing of liquids
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgment
    • 20.1 Introduction
    • 20.2 Fundamentals of ultrasonic degassing
    • 20.3 Mechanism of ultrasonic degassing in melts
    • 20.4 Main process parameters in ultrasonic degassing
    • 20.5 Industrial implementation of ultrasonic degassing
  • 21. Ultrasonic surgical devices and procedures
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgment
    • 21.1 Introduction
    • 21.2 Surgical device requirements and goals
    • 21.3 General device design
    • 21.4 Mechanisms of action
    • 21.5 Device types
    • 21.6 Medical device regulations
    • 21.7 Future trends
    • 21.8 Sources of further information and advice
  • 22. High-intensity focused ultrasound for medical therapy
    • Abstract
    • 22.1 Introduction
    • 22.2 Ultrasound interaction with tissue
    • 22.3 Therapy devices
    • 22.4 Imaging guidance
    • 22.5 Clinical experience
    • 22.6 Future trends
  • 23. Ultrasonic cutting for surgical applications
    • Abstract
    • 23.1 Introduction: the origins of ultrasonic cutting for surgical devices
    • 23.2 Developments in ultrasound for soft-tissue dissection
    • 23.3 Developments in ultrasound for bone cutting and other surgical applications
    • 23.4 Cutting mechanisms in soft tissue
    • 23.5 Ultrasonic dissection of mineralized tissue
    • 23.6 Factors affecting device performance
    • 23.7 Device characterization
    • 23.8 Orthopedic, orthodontic, and maxillofacial procedures
    • 23.9 Current and future trends
• Part Four: Food technology and pharmaceutical applications
  • 24. Design and scale-up of sonochemical reactors for food processing and other applications
    • Abstract
    • 24.1 Introduction
    • 24.2 Modeling of cavitational reactors
    • 24.3 Understanding cavitational activity
    • 24.4 Types of reactors
    • 24.5 Developments in reactor design
    • 24.6 Selecting operating parameters
    • 24.7 Reactor choice, scale-up, and optimization
    • 24.8 Future trends
    • 24.9 Conclusions
  • 25. Ultrasonic mixing, homogenization, and emulsification in food processing and other applications
    • Abstract
    • 25.1 Introduction
    • 25.2 Cavitation and acoustic streaming
    • 25.3 Mixing
    • 25.4 Particle and aggregate dispersion and disruption
    • 25.5 Solid and liquid dissolution
    • 25.6 Homogenization
    • 25.7 Emulsification
    • 25.8 Conclusions and future trends
  • 26. Ultrasonic defoaming and debubbling in food processing and other applications
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgments
    • 26.1 Introduction
    • 26.2 Foams
    • 26.3 Conventional methods for foam control
    • 26.4 Ultrasonic defoaming
    • 26.5 Mechanisms of ultrasonic defoaming
    • 26.6 Ultrasonic defoamers
    • 26.7 Using ultrasound to remove bubbles in coating layers
    • 26.8 Conclusions and future trends
  • 27. Power ultrasonics for food processing
    • Abstract
    • 27.1 Introduction
    • 27.2 Ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE)
    • 27.3 Emulsification
    • 27.4 Viscosity modification
    • 27.5 Processing dairy proteins
    • 27.6 Sonocrystallization
    • 27.7 Fat separation
    • 27.8 Other applications: sterilization, pasteurization, drying, brining, and marinating
    • 27.9 Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) for ultrasound in food-processing operations
    • 27.10 Conclusions and future trends
  • 28. Crystallization and freezing processes assisted by power ultrasound
    • Abstract
    • 28.1 Introduction
    • 28.2 Fundamentals of crystallization
    • 28.3 Impact of ultrasound on solute crystallization
    • 28.4 Effect of ultrasound on ice crystallization (freezing)
    • 28.5 Solute nucleation mechanisms induced by ultrasound
    • 28.6 Crystal growth and breakage mechanisms induced by ultrasound
    • 28.7 Ice nucleation mechanisms induced by ultrasound
    • 28.8 Future trends
  • 29. Ultrasonic drying for food preservation
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgment
    • 29.1 Introduction
    • 29.2 Ultrasonic mechanisms involved in transport phenomena
    • 29.3 Ultrasonic devices for drying
    • 29.4 Testing the effectiveness of ultrasonic drying
    • 29.5 Product properties affecting the effectiveness of ultrasonic drying
    • 29.6 Structural changes caused by ultrasonic drying
    • 29.7 Conclusions and future trends
  • 30. The use of ultrasonic atomization for encapsulation and other processes in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing
    • Abstract
    • 30.1 Introduction
    • 30.2 Fundamentals of ultrasonic atomization
    • 30.3 Ultrasonic atomizer design
    • 30.4 Measuring droplet size and distribution
    • 30.5 The effect of different operating parameters on droplet size
    • 30.6 Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the food industry: encapsulation
    • 30.7 Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the food industry: food hygiene
    • 30.8 Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the pharmaceutical industry: aerosols for drug delivery
    • 30.9 Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the pharmaceutical industry: encapsulation for drug delivery
    • 30.10 Future trends
    • 30.11 Conclusion
• Part Five: Environmental and other applications
  • 31. The use of power ultrasound for water treatment
    • Abstract
    • 31.1 Introduction
    • 31.2 Ultrasonic cavitation and advanced oxidative processes (AOPs)
    • 31.3 Sonochemical devices and experimentation
    • 31.4 Characteristics of sonochemical elimination
    • 31.5 Kinetic and sonochemical yields
    • 31.6 Sonochemical treatment parameters
    • 31.7 Ultrasound in hybrid processes
    • 31.8 Conclusion
  • 32. The use of power ultrasound for wastewater and biomass treatment
    • Abstract
    • 32.1 Introduction
    • 32.2 Impact of ultrasound on biological suspensions
    • 32.3 Anaerobic digestion processes: full-scale application
    • 32.4 Aerobic biological processes: full-scale application
    • 32.5 Development and design of a full-scale ultrasound reactor
    • 32.6 Future trends
  • 33. The use of power ultrasound for organic synthesis in green chemistry
    • Abstract
    • 33.1 Introduction
    • 33.2 The green sonochemical approach for organic synthesis
    • 33.3 Solvent-free sonochemical protocols
    • 33.4 Heterogeneous catalysis in organic solvents and ionic liquids
    • 33.5 Heterocycle synthesis
    • 33.6 Heterocycle functionalization
    • 33.7 Cycloaddition reactions
    • 33.8 Organometallic reactions
    • 33.9 Multicomponent reactions
    • 33.10 Conclusions and future trends
  • 34. Ultrasonic agglomeration and preconditioning of aerosol particles for environmental and other applications
    • Abstract
    • Acknowledgment
    • 34.1 Introduction
    • 34.2 The development of practical applications of aerosol agglomeration
    • 34.3 Linear acoustic effects that determine the agglomeration process
    • 34.4 Nonlinear acoustic effects
    • 34.5 Motion of aerosol particles in an acoustic field: vibration
    • 34.6 Translational motion of aerosol particles
    • 34.7 Interactions between aerosol particles: orthokinetic effect (OE)
    • 34.8 Hydrodynamic mechanisms of particle interaction
    • 34.9 Mutual radiation pressure effect (MRPE)
    • 34.10 Acoustic wake effect (AWE)
    • 34.11 Modeling of acoustic agglomeration of aerosol particles
    • 34.12 Laboratory and pilot scale plants for industrial and environmental applications
    • 34.13 Conclusions and future trends
  • 35. The use of power ultrasound in mining
    • Abstract
    • 35.1 Introduction
    • 35.2 The mining process
    • 35.3 Measuring the stress state in a rock mass
    • 35.4 Application of power ultrasound in mineral grinding
    • 35.5 Development of an ultrasonic-assisted flotation process for increasing the concentration of mined minerals
    • 35.6 Conclusions and future trends
  • 36. The use of power ultrasound in biofuel production, bioremediation, and other applications
    • Abstract
    • 36.1 Introduction
    • 36.2 The chemical effects of ultrasound
    • 36.3 The molecular effects of ultrasound
    • 36.4 Sonochemical reactors
    • 36.5 Biofuel production
    • 36.6 Ultrasound-assisted bioremediation
    • 36.7 Biosensors
    • 36.8 Biosludge processing
    • 36.9 Conclusions and future trends
• Index

This book will be an invaluable reference for graduate students and researchers working on the physics of acoustics, sound and ultrasound, sonochemistry, acoustic engineering and industrial process technology, and R&D managers, production and biomedical engineers.

• Covers the fundamentals of nonlinear propagation of ultrasonic waves in fluids and solids.
• Discusses the materials and designs of power ultrasonic transducers and devices.
• Considers state-of-the-art power sonic applications across a wide range of industries.