Tropical Agroforestry, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2014

Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Table of Contents.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.- Part I: Tropical Biomes, Land Use Issues and Introduction to Agroforestry Systems.- 1. Tropical biomes: classification and description.- 1.1. Classification of biomes based on climate.- 1.1.1. The Köppen-Geiger classification system.- 1.1.2. The Holdridge life zones system.- 1.2. Other classification systems of biomes.- 1.2.1. Forest classification according to plant species.- 1.2.2. Forest classification based on soil nutrient status.- 1.2.3. Forest classification based on function.- 1.2.4. Classification of semiarid tropical biomes.- 1.3. Main tropical humid and semiarid biomes.- 1.3.1. Congo basin rain forests.- 1.3.2. Central and South American rain forests.- 1.3.3. Southeast Asian tropical rain forests.- 1.3.4. Australian savannas.- 1.3.5. African savannas.- 1.3.6. Central American and Caribbean Islands savannas.- 1.3.7. South American savannas.- 2. The importance of tropical forest and semiarid ecosystems.- Bibliography.- 2: Major Land Use Issues in the Tropics, and the History of Agroforestry.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 2.1. Impacts of traditional natural resource use on tropical ecosystems.- 2.1.1. Deforestation.- 2.1.2. Grazing.- 2.1.3. Effects of unsustainable use of ecosystem resources on soil, groundwater and fauna.- 2.1.4. Effects of unsustainable use of resources on plants and biodiversity.- 2.2. History of agroforestry.- Bibliography.- 3: Definitions and Classification of Agroforestry Systems.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 3.1. Definition of agroforestry.- 3.2. Some basic concepts in agroforestry.- 3.3. Classification of agroforestry systems.- 3.3.1. Classification based on vegetation structure.- 3.3.2. Classification based on function.- 3.3.3. Classification based on socio-economic activities.- 3.3.4. Ecological classification.- 3.3.5. A framework for agroforestry classification.- Bibliography.- 4: Major Agroforestry Systems of the Humid Tropics.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 4.1. Homegardens.- 4.1.1. Intensive small-scale farming systems.- 4.2. Perennial crop based agroforestry systems.- 4.2.1. Jungle rubbers (rubber agroforests).- 4.3. Farm woodslots.- 4.4. Annual or biennial food crop farms: slash-and-burn agriculture.- 4.5. Alley cropping/Intercropping systems.- 4.6. Improved fallows and rotational tree fallows.- 4.6.1. Improved fallows with herbaceous legumes: the case of Cajanus cajan.- Bibliography.- 5: Major Agroforestry Systems of the Semiarid Tropics.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 5.1. Annual or biannual food crop farms in the semiarid tropics: shifting cultivation.- 5.2. Multipurpose trees on farmlands: agroforestry parklands.- 5.3. Silvopastures.- 5.3.1. Fodder trees and shrubs.- 5.4. Windbreaks.- 5.4.1. Trees used as windbreaks.- 5.5. Live fences.- 5.6. Buffer strips.- Bibliography.- 6: Participatory Domestication of New Crops using Agroforestry Techniques.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 6.1. History of the participatory domestication of agroforestry species.- 6.2. Participatory domestication as implemented by ICRAF and its partners.- 6.2.1. Characterization of phenotypic variation and tree selection.- 6.2.2. Vegetative propagation of agroforestry species.- 6.2.3. Germplasm management and integration in land use systems.- 6.2.4. Genetic resources conservation.- 6.3. Priority species for domestication.- 6.3.1. Examples of tree species under domestication in the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa.- 6.3.1.1. Irvingiagabonensis/Irvingia wombolu (Bush mango).- 6.3.1.2. Dacryodes edulis (Safou or African Plum).- 6.3.1.3. Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax (ndjansang).- 6.3.1.4. Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple).- 6.3.1.5. Garcinia kola (Bitter cola).- 6.3.1.6. Gnetum africanum/Gnetum buccholzianum (Eru of Fumbua).- 6.3.1.7. Cola acuminate, C. anomala and C. nitida (Kola nut or Cola Nuts).- 6.3.1.8. Prunusafricana (African cherry).- 6.3.1.9. Pausinystalia johimbe (Yohimbe).- 6.3.1.10. Annickia chlorantha (African Whitewood).- 6.3.1.11. Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. (Tallow Tree).- 6.3.2. Examples of priority species for domestication in the Sahel.- 6.3.3. Domestication of priority species in Southern Africa.- 6.3.4. Domestication of priority species in Latin America.- 6.3.5. Domestication of priority species in India, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.- Bibliography.- Part II: The Benefits and Services of Agroforestry Systems.- 7. Ecological Interaction and Productivity in Agroforestry Systems.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 7.1. Interactions of components in agroforestry systems.- 7.1.1. Positive interactions.- 7.1.2. Negative interactions.- 7.1.3. Neutral interactions.- 7.2. Soil productivity in agroforestry.- Bibliography.- 8. Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Mycorrhizal Associations in Agroforestry.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 8.1. Plant species forming associations with Rhizobium or mycorrhizal fungi.- 8.1.1. Acacia sensu lato.- 8.1.2. Albizia.- 8.1.3. Calliandra calothyrsus.- 8.1.4. Erythrina.- 8.1.5. Gliricidia sepium.- 8.1.6. Inga edulis.- 8.1.7. Leucaena leucocephala.- 8.1.8. Mimosa.- 8.1.9. Sesbania.- 8.2. Actinomycorrhizal plants.- 8.2.1. Alnus acuminata (syn. Alnus jorullensis).- 8.2.2. Casuarinaceae.- 8.2.3. Coriaria.- 8.3. Quantification of nitrogen fixation.- 8.3.1. Total nitrogen difference.- 8.3.2. Acetylene reduction assay.- 8.3.3. ¹⁵N enrichment.- 8.3.4. Natural abundance in ¹⁵N.- 8.3.5. Sap nitrogen solute analysis.- 8.4. Technologies for the exploitation of nitrogen-fixing mycorrhizal plants in agroforestry.- 8.4.1. Selecting species and provenances of nitrogen-fixing trees.- 8.4.2. Inoculation with Rhizobium or Frankia.- 8.4.3. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi.- 8.4.4. Fertilizers.- 8.4.5. Acidity control.- 8.5. Areas of research concerning nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae in agroforestry.- Bibliography.- 9. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 9.1. Concepts and trends in soil conservation.- 9.2. Measurement of soil erosion.- 9.3. Erosion control using agroforestry practices.- 9.4. Effects of agroforestry practices on erosion factors.- 9.5. Erosion rates in agroforestry systems.- 9.6. Windbreaks for erosion control.- 9.6.1. Anticipated costs and benefits of windbreaks for soil conservation.- Bibliography.- 10. Carbon Sequestration in Agroforestry Systems.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 10.1. The potential for C sequestration in agroforestry systems.- 10.2. Agroforestry and REDD.- Bibliography.- 11. Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 11.1. The agroforestry and deforestation hypothesis.- 11.2. The agroforestry – habitat hypothesis.- 11.3. The agroforestry – matrix hypothesis.- Bibliography.- 12. Integrated Pest Management in Tropical Agroforestry.- Abstract.- 12.1. Pests in tropical agroforestry systems.- 12.2. Agroforestry practices for pest management.- 12.3. Research areas on pest management using agroforestry techniques.- Bibliography.- Part III: Research Methods in Agroforestry.- 13. Diagnosis and Design (D & D) Approach and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA).- Abstract.- Introduction.- 13.1. The D & D method.- 13.2. Main concepts and procedures of the D & D method.- 13.3. Scales of D & D.- 13.4. Participatory Rural Appraisal in agroforestry.- 13.5. Evaluating agroforestry technologies.- Bibliography.- 14. Experimental Design in Agroforestry.- Abstract.- 14.1. Agroforestry research.- 14.2. Experimentation in the field.- 14.3. Particularities of agroforestry experiments.- 14.3.1. Size and arrangements of the plot.- 14.3.2. Experimental designs.- 14.4. On-going field agroforestry experiments in the tropics.- 14.4.1. Screening and MPTS selection tests.- 14.4.2. Experiments on management systems and components.- 14.4.3. Studies on the interaction of components.- 14.4.4. Prototype evaluations.- 14.4.5. Testing and evaluation of germplasm and provenances.- 14.4.6. Development and fine-tuning of protocols for vegetative propagation of agroforestry species.- 14.4.7. Characterization of phenotypic variation and selection of plus-trees for improvement.- Bibliography.- 15. On-Farm Agroforestry Research.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 15.1. Rationale and approaches of on-farm research.- 15.2. Characteristics, objectives and types of on-farm agroforestry research.- 15.3. Some methods used in on-farm research.- 15.3.1. Stability analyses.- 15.3.2. Assessment of agroforestry adoption potential.- 15.4. Widespread dissemination of agroforestry technologies.- Bibliography.- Part IV: Economic and Cultural Considerations in Tropical Agroforestry.- 16. Economics in Agroforestry.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 16.1. Principles of economic analyses.- 16.2. Analysis of projects in agroforestry.- 16.2.1. Evaluations using “with” and “without” approaches.- 16.2.2. Discounting.- 16.2.3. Evaluation criteria.- 16.2.3.1. Net present value.- 16.2.3.2. Land expectation value.- 16.2.3.3. Internal rate of return.- 16.2.3.4. Benefits and Costs ratio.- 16.2.4. Break-even Relative Additional Costs (BeRAC) and Actual Relative Additional Costs (ARAC).- 16.2.5. Payback period.- 16.2.6. Farm budgeting and partial budgets.- 16.2.7. Quantification and valorization.- 16.2.7.1. Capital goods.- 16.2.7.2. Labor.- 16.2.7.3. Land.- 16.2.7.4. Benefit valuation of agroforestry products.- 16.2.7.5. Direct production.- 16.2.7.6. Environmental benefits.- 16.2.7.7. Risk assessment in agroforestry.- 16.2.7.8. Sensitivity analysis.- 16.2.7.9. Risk-benefit analysis.- 16.2.8. Econometrics in agroforestry.- 16.2.9. Optimization in agroforestry.- 16.3. Economic studies in agroforestry.- 16.3.1. General studies.- 16.3.2. Agroforestry system economic studies.- 16.3.3. Alley cropping and improved fallows.- 16.3.4. Economic assessment and commercialization of other agroforestry practices.- Bibliography.- 17. Socio-Cultural Aspects of Agroforestry and Adoption.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 17.1. The social aspects of agroforestry research.- 17.2. Important socio-cultural factors for adoption of agroforestry.- 17.2.1. Land tenure.- 17.2.2. Labor.- 17.2.3. Marketing of NTFPs and AFTPs and adoption of agroforestry.- 17.2.4. Other social factors affecting the acceptability of agroforestry.- 17.3. Farmers’ perceptions of planting trees.- 17.4. Public policies and implementation of agroforestry.- 17.5. Social acceptability.- Bibliography.- Part V: Outlook on Tropical Agroforestry.- 18. Tropical Agroforestry for Biofuels Production.- Abstract. Introduction.- 18.1. Tropical agroforestry species with potential for biofuel production.- 18.2. Studies on biofuels in tropical agroforestry.- Bibliography.- 19. Phytoremediation in Tropical Agroforestry.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 19.1. Tropical agroforestry species and plant-symbiont associations with potential for phytoremediation.- 19.2. Agroforestry systems with potential for phytoremediation in the tropics.- 19.2.1. Short-rotation woody crop systems and phytoremediation.- 19.2.2. Riparian buffers and phytoremediation in tropical agroforestry.- 19.2.3. Hydraulic lift and phytoremediation in tropical agroforestry.- 19.3. Tropical agroforestry and phytoremediation: next steps.- Bibliography.- 20. Agroforestry and the Carbon Market in the Tropics.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 20.1. Carbon payment mechanisms and tropical agroforestry.- 20.1.1. Carbon contract options on agroforestry.- 20.2. REDD+ in tropical agroforestry and land tenure.- 20.3. Economics of REDD+ and PES.- Bibliography.- 21. Agroforestry Modeling.- Abstract.- Introduction.- 21.1. Species choice in agroforestry.- 21.2. Computing tools uses in agroforestry.- Bibliography.

Alain R. Atangana received a Ph. D. degree in forest genetics from Université Laval, Canada. He researched participatory domestication of high-value multipurpose trees of the humid tropics of Africa using agroforestry techniques for more than ten years. He also investigated rooting ability in priority tree species for domestication using leafy stem cuttings. Alain has published in eleven peer-reviewed journals, including Food Chemistry, Tree Genetics and Genomes, Molecular Ecology Resources, Forest Ecology and Management, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Forest Science and Agroforestry Systems.
Dr. Damase Khasa is a Professor and Program director of agroforestry and international forestry at the Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique of Université Laval, and Adjunct Professor at the University of Alberta. He is a regular member of the Centre for Forest Research, the Canada Chair in forest and environmental genomics and the Institute of Integrative and Systems Biology. His research interests include: agroforestry; population and quantitative genetics; development of molecular markers for plant breeding and molecular ecology applications; plant symbioses and biotechnology; reclamation and intensive silviculture in the context of REDD+. Damase has published more than 90 papers in 54 peer-reviewed journals, including Molecular Ecology, Forest Ecology and Management, Forest Science, Tree Genetics and Genomes, Genome, Journal of Molecular Evolution, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Restoration Ecology, American Journal of Botany, World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Mycorrhiza, Microbial Ecology, Tree Physiology, Phytochemistry and Agroforestry Systems.
Dr. Scott Chang is a Professor in Forest Soils and Nutrient Dynamics in the Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Canada. Dr. Chang’s research interests are in forest soil processes (N and P cycling in particular), soil

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