Wiley′s Real Latin
Learning Latin from the Source

This innovative guide to the Latin language, written for a new generation of students, deploys examples and translation exercises taken exclusively from the Classical Latin canon. Translation exercises use real Latin from a variety of sources, including political speeches, letters, history, poetry, and plays, and from a range of authors, including Julius Caesar, Cicero, Virgil, Catullus, Ovid, and Plautus, among others Offers a variety of engaging, informative pedagogical features to help students practice and contextualize lessons in the main narrative Prepares students for immersion in the great works of Classical Latin literature A companion website provides additional exercises and drills for students and teachers

List of Illustrations xviii Walk–Through Tour of Features xx About the Website xxii Preface xxiii Introduction 1 0.1 Parts of Speech 2 0.1.1 Nouns 2 0.1.2 Adjectives 2 0.1.3 Pronouns 2 0.1.4 Verbs 2 0.1.5 Adverbs 3 0.1.6 Prepositions 3 0.1.7 Conjunctions 3 0.1.8 Interjections 4 0.2 The Pronunciation of Latin 4 0.2.1 Consonants 5 0.2.2 Vowels 5 0.2.3 Diphthongs 6 Chapter 1 1.1 Inflected Language 8 1.2 Nouns 8 1.2.1 Vocabulary Lists 9 1.2.2 First Declension Nouns 9 Declension of Poç,ta, –ae 10 1.3 Verbs 10 1.3.1 First Conjugation: Present Indicative Active 11 1.3.2 Irregular Verbs 12 1.4 Pronouns: hic, haec, hoc 13 1.5 Prepositions 14 1.6 Adverbs 14 1.7 Conjunctions 15 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 16 Review: Chapter 1 Chapter 2 2.1 Second Declension Nouns 19 2.1.1 Second Declension Nouns in –us 19 2.1.2 Second Declension Nouns in –er, –r 19 2.1.3 Second Declension Neuter Nouns 20 2.2 Adjectives 21 2.2.1 Adjectives of the First/Second Declension 21 2.2.2 Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns 22 2.2.3 Adjectives and Pronouns Used as Nouns 23 2.3 Second Conjugation: Present Indicative Active 24 2.4 Imperfect Indicative Active 24 2.4.1 First Conjugation 24 2.4.2 Second Conjugation 24 2.4.3 Irregular Verbs: Sum, Esse, Possum, Posse 25 2.5 Demonstrative Pronoun: Is, Ea, Id 25 Translation from Latin 26 Translation into Latin 27 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 28 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 2 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs 29 Chapter 3 3.1 Direct Questions 32 3.1.1 Interrogative Pronoun: Quis?, Quid? 32 3.1.2 Interrogative Adjective 32 3.2 Personal Pronouns 33 3.2.1 First Person 34 3.2.2 Second Person 34 3.3 Demonstrative Pronoun: Ille, Illa, Illud 34 3.4 Third Conjugation 35 3.4.1 Present and Imperfect Indicative Active 35 3.5 Negatives 36 3.6 Uses of the Cases 36 3.6.1 Partitive Genitive 36 3.6.2 Subjective and Objective Genitive 37 Translation from Latin 38 Translation into Latin 39 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 40 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 3 Passages Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 41 Chapter 4 4.1 Third Declension Nouns 43 4.1.1 Masculine Nouns of the Third Declension 43 4.1.2 Feminine Nouns of the Third Declension 43 4.1.3 Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension 44 4.1.4 Basic Rules of Declension 44 4.1.5 Adjectives with Third Declension Nouns 44 4.1.6 Third Declension i–Stem Nouns 45 4.1.7 Third Declension Adjectives 46 4.2 Uses of the Cases 48 4.2.1 Dative of Possessor 48 Translation from Latin 48 Translation into Latin 49 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 50 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 4 Passages Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 52 Chapter 5 5.1 Fourth and Fifth Declension Nouns 55 5.1.1 Fourth Declension 55 5.1.2 Fifth Declension 56 5.2 Fourth and Mixed Conjugations: Present and Imperfect Indicative Active 57 5.2.1 Fourth Conjugation 57 5.2.2 Mixed Conjugation 58 5.3 Future Indicative Active 58 5.3.1 First and Second Conjugations 58 5.3.2 Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations 59 5.3.3 Irregular Verbs: Sum, Esse, Possum, Posse 59 5.4 Uses of the Cases 60 5.4.1 Adverbial Accusative 60 Translation from Latin 60 Translation into Latin 62 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 63 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 5 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 64 Chapter 6 6.1 Perfect Indicative Active 67 6.2 Future Perfect Indicative Active 67 6.3 Pluperfect Indicative Active 68 6.4 Irregular Verbs: Sum and Possum 68 6.4.1 Perfect Indicative 68 6.4.2 Future Perfect Indicative 69 6.4.3 Pluperfect Indicative 69 6.5 Uses of the Cases 70 6.5.1 Ablative of Means/Instrument 70 Translation from Latin 70 Translation into Latin 72 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 73 Vocabulary Specifi cally for Chapter 6 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 74 Review: Chapters 2&ndash,6 Chapter 7 7.1 The Passive Voice 78 7.1.1 Present Indicative Passive 78 7.1.2 Future Indicative Passive: First and Second Conjugations 79 7.1.3 Future Indicative Passive: Th ird, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations 80 7.1.4 Imperfect Indicative Passive 80 7.2 Relative Pronoun 81 7.3 Connecting or Demonstrative Relative 82 7.4 Uses of the Cases 83 7.4.1 Accusative 83 Place 83 Space 83 Time 83 7.4.2 Ablative 84 Time 84 Place 84 Agent 84 Translation from Latin 85 Translation into Latin 86 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 87 Vocabulary Specifi cally for Chapter 7 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 89 Chapter 8 8.1 Participles 92 8.1.1 Present Participle 92 8.1.2 Perfect Participle 93 8.1.3 Future Participle 93 8.2 Use of Participles 94 8.2.1 Attributive 94 8.2.2 Circumstantial 95 8.2.3 Temporal 95 8.2.4 Causal 96 8.2.5 Concessive 97 Translation from Latin 97 Translation into Latin 98 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs 99 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 8 Passages Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions 100 Chapter 9 9.1 The Passive Voice Continued 104 9.1.1 Perfect Indicative Passive 104 9.1.2 Pluperfect Indicative Passive 104 9.1.3 Future Perfect Indicative Passive 104 9.2 Uses of the Cases 105 9.2.1 Ablative Absolute 105 9.2.2 Ablative of Cause 106 Translation from Latin 106 Translation into Latin 107 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 108 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 9 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 109 Chapter 10 10.1 Infinitives 112 10.1.1 Formation of Infinitives 113 10.2 Reported/Indirect Statement, Accusative and Infinitive 114 10.3 Reflexive Pronoun 114 10.4 Syncopated Forms of the Perfect 115 Translation from Latin 116 Translation into Latin 116 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 118 Vocabulary Specifi cally for Chapter 10 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 119 Chapter 11 11.1 Deponent Verbs 122 11.1.1 Present Indicative 122 First Conjugation 122 Second Conjugation 122 Third Conjugation 123 Fourth Conjugation 123 Mixed Conjugation 123 11.1.2 Future Indicative 123 First and Second Conjugations 123 Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations 123 11.1.3 Imperfect Indicative 124 11.1.4 Perfect Indicative 124 11.1.5 Future Perfect Indicative 124 11.1.6 Pluperfect Indicative 124 11.2 Participles of Deponent Verbs 124 11.2.1 Present Active 125 11.2.2 Perfect Active 125 11.2.3 Future Active 125 11.3 Infinitives of Deponent Verbs 125 11.3.1 Present 126 11.3.2 Perfect 126 11.3.3 Future 126 11.4 Causal Clauses 127 11.5 Uses of Cases 127 11.5.1 Genitive of Characteristic 127 Translation from Latin 128 Translation into Latin 129 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Pronouns, Deponent Verbs, Other Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 131 Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 11 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 132 Chapter 12 12.1 Irregular Verbs: Ferô,, Volô,, Nô,lô,, Mâ,lô,, Eô,, Fî,ô, 135 12.2 Uses of the Cases 136 12.2.1 Ablative of Description 136 12.2.2 Genitive of Quality/Description 136 Translation from Latin 137 Translation into Latin 138 Vocabulary to Learn Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 139 Vocabulary Specifi cally for Chapter 12 Passages Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 140 Review: Chapters 7&ndash,12 Chapter 13 13.1 Subjunctive Mood 145 13.1.1 Present Subjunctive Active 145 First Conjugation 145 Second Conjugation 145 Third Conjugation 146 Fourth Conjugation 146 Mixed Conjugation 146 13.1.2 Imperfect Subjunctive Active 146 First Conjugation 147 Second Conjugation 147 Third Conjugation 147 Fourth Conjugation 147 Mixed Conjugation 147 13.1.3 Perfect Subjunctive Active 147 First Conjugation 148 13.1.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive Active 148 First Conjugation 148 13.2 Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs 148 13.2.1 Sum 148 Present Subjunctive 148 Imperfect Subjunctive 149 Perfect Subjunctive 149 Pluperfect Subjunctive 149 13.2.2 Possum 149 Present Subjunctive 149 13.2.3 Eô, 150 Present Subjunctive 150 13.2.4 Ferô, 150 Present Subjunctive Active 150 13.2.5 Volô, 150 Present Subjunctive 150 13.2.6 The Verb Fî,ô, 151 Present Subjunctive 151 13.3 Independent Uses of the Subjunctive 152 13.3.1 Jussive Subjunctive 152 13.3.2 Deliberative Subjunctive 153 13.3.3 Potential Subjunctive 153 13.3.4 Optative Subjunctive 154 13.4 More Uses of the Cases 154 13.4.1 Locative 154 Translation from Latin 155 Translation into Latin 156 Extra Passage 158 Vocabulary Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 159 Chapter 14 14.1 Subjunctive Passive 162 14.1.1 Present Subjunctive Passive 162 First Conjugation 162 Second Conjugation 162 Third Conjugation 162 Fourth Conjugation 162 Mixed Conjugation 162 14.1.2 Imperfect Subjunctive Passive 163 First Conjugation 163 Second Conjugation 163 Third Conjugation 163 Fourth Conjugation 163 Mixed Conjugation 163 14.1.3 Perfect Subjunctive Passive 164 First Conjugation 164 Second Conjugation 164 Third Conjugation 164 Fourth Conjugation 164 Mixed Conjugation 164 14.1.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive 165 First Conjugation 165 Second Conjugation 165 Third Conjugation 165 Fourth Conjugation 165 Mixed Conjugation 165 14.2 Subjunctive of Deponent Verbs 166 14.2.1 Present Subjunctive 166 First Conjugation 166 Second Conjugation 166 Third Conjugation 167 Fourth Conjugation 167 Mixed Conjugation 167 14.2.2 Imperfect Subjunctive 167 First Conjugation 167 Second Conjugation 167 Third Conjugation 168 Fourth Conjugation 168 Mixed Conjugation 168 14.2.3 Perfect Subjunctive 168 First Conjugation 168 14.2.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive 168 First Conjugation 169 14.3 Sequence of Tenses 169 14.4 Purpose and Result Clauses 170 14.4.1 Purpose Clauses (also called fi nal clauses) 170 14.4.2 Result Clauses (also called consecutive clauses) 171 14.5 Noun Clauses Introduced by Ut 172 Translation from Latin 173 Translation into Latin 174 Extra Passage 176 Vocabulary Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions 177 Chapter 15 15.1 Gerunds and Gerundives 180 15.1.1 Definitions 180 15.1.2 Formation 180 15.1.3 Uses 181 Gerund 181 Gerundive 182 Some Exceptions 183 Gerundive Expressing Obligation or Necessity 184 15.2 Supine 184 15.2.1 Uses of the Supine 185 Accusative 185 Ablative 185 15.3 Uses of Cases 185 15.3.1 Ablative of Price 185 15.3.2 Ablative of Respect 186 15.3.3 Genitive of Value 186 Translation from Latin 187 Translation into Latin 188 Extra Passage 189 Vocabulary Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions 190 Chapter 16 16.1 Cum Clauses 193 16.1.1 Temporal: Present and Future 193 Present 193 Future 193 16.1.2 Cum Temporal: Past Time 193 16.1.3 Cum Causal 194 16.1.4 Cum Concessive 194 16.2 Subjunctive in Relative Clauses 194 16.2.1 Relative Clause of Purpose 194 16.2.2 Generic Subjunctive/Relative Clause of Characteristic 195 16.2.3 Relative Clause of Result 195 16.3 Pronominal Adjectives 196 Translation from Latin 197 Translation into Latin 199 Extra Passage 200 Vocabulary Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 201 Review: Chapters 13&ndash,16 Chapter 17 17.1 Direct Questions 206 17.1.1 Alternative Direct Questions 206 17.2 Indirect Questions 207 17.2.1 Alternative Indirect Questions 208 17.3 Verbs with the Dative 208 17.4 Impersonal Passive 208 17.5 Uses of the Cases 209 17.5.1 Predicative/Interest/Double Dative 209 Translation from Latin 210 Translation into Latin 211 Extra Passages 213 Vocabulary Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs Taking the Dative, Other Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions 214 Chapter 18 18.1 Imperative Mood 217 18.1.1 Active 217 18.1.2 Passive 217 18.1.3 Sum 218 18.1.4 Deponents 218 18.2 Negative Commands (prohibitions) 218 18.3 Indirect/Reported Commands 218 18.4 Uses of Cases 219 18.4.1 Verbs Governing the Genitive 219 18.4.2 Verbs Governing the Ablative 220 Translation from Latin 220 Translation into Latin 221 Extra Passage 223 Vocabulary Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs 224 Chapter 19 19.1 Degrees of Comparison: Comparative and Superlative 228 19.1.1 Comparative Adjectives 228 19.1.2 Superlative Adjectives 228 19.1.3 Adjectives in –er 229 19.1.4 Adjectives in –ilis 231 Comparative 231 Superlative 231 19.1.5 Adverbs 231 19.1.6 Irregular Comparison 232 19.2 Constructions with the Comparative and Superlative 232 19.2.1 Comparative in a Purpose Clause 232 19.2.2 Ablative of Comparison/Quam 232 19.2.3 Ablative of Degree/Measure of Difference 233 19.2.4 Partitive Genitive 233 19.3 Verbs of Fearing 233 Translation from Latin 234 Translation into Latin 236 Extra Passage 237 Vocabulary Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions 238 Chapter 20 20.1 Conditional Sentences 241 20.1.1 Simple Conditions 241 20.1.2 Present 241 20.1.3 Past 241 20.1.4 Future Conditions 241 Future More Vivid 241 Future Less Vivid 242 20.1.5 Unfulfilled, Untrue, or Contrary–to–Fact Conditions 242 Present Unfulfilled 242 Past Unfulfilled 242 Mixed Unfulfilled 243 20.2 Verbs/Expressions of Doubting: Dubitô,, Dubium Est, Incertum Est 243 20.3 Construction for Verbs of Hindering, Preventing, Forbidding 243 Translation from Latin 245 Translation into Latin 246 Extra Passages 248 Vocabulary Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions 249 Chapter 21 21.1 More on Temporal Clauses 252 21.1.1 Antequam, Priusquam &ndash, Before 252 21.1.2 Dum (and rarely quoad, dô,nec) &ndash, Until, While 253 Notes on Dum 253 21.2 More on Indirect Speech/Statement 253 21.2.1 Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech 254 Translation from Latin 255 Translation into Latin 256 Vocabulary Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 257 Review: Chapters 17&ndash,21 Extra Passages 261 Conclusion 263 Appendices 265 Appendix 1: Some Verbs Followed by a Complementary Infinitive 266 Appendix 2: Idem, Iste, Ipse 267 Appendix 3: Numerals 268 Appendix 4: Nô,lô,, Mâ,lô,, Fî,ô, 269 Appendix 5: Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive 271 Appendix 6: Roman Nomenclature 273 Appendix 7: So–Called Future Imperative 284 Appendix 8: Timeline 286 Vocabulary: Latin to English 288 Vocabulary: English to Latin 307 Index 317

Robert Maltby is Emeritus Professor of Latin Philology at the University of Leeds. His previous publications include A Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies (1991), Tibullus Elegies: Text, Introduction and Commentary (2002), and Terence: Phormio (2012).

Kenneth Belcher is a Teaching Fellow in Classics at the University of Leeds, where he lectures in Latin and Greek literature and language. He has contributed conference papers in the UK and internationally.