Process and Plant Safety
Applying Computational Fluid Dynamics

PREFACE

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS: THE FUTURE IN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY

ORGANIZED BY PROCESSNET: TUTZING SYMPOSION 2011 CFD -
ITS FUTURE IN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY
ProcessNet - an Initiative of DECHEMA and VDI-GVC 5
A Long Discussed Question: Can Safety Engineers Rely on Numerical Methods?

CFD AND HOLISTIC METHODS FOR EXPLOSIVE SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS
Introduction
Deterministic and Probabilistic Design Tasks
CFD Applications on Explosions and Blast Waves
Engineering Methods: The TNT Equivalent
QRA for Explosive Safety
Summary and Outlook

PART ONE: CFD Today -
Opportunities and Limits if Applied to Safety Techology

STATUS AND POTENTIALS OF CFD IN SAFETY ANALYSES USING THE EXAMPLE OF NUCLEAR POWER
Introduction
Safety and Safety Analysis of Light Water Reactors
Role and Status of Fluid Dynamics Modeling
Expected Benefits of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety
Challenges
Examples of Applications
Beyond-Design-Based Accidents

PART TWO Computer or Experimental Design?

SIZING AND OPERATION OF HIGH-PRESSURE SAFETY VALVES
Introduction
Phenomenological Description of the Flow through a Safety Valve
Nozzle/Discharge Coefficient Sizing Procedure
Sizing of Safety Valves Applying CFD
Summary

WATER HAMMER INDUCED BY FAST-ACTING VALVES -
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, 1D MODELING, AND DEMANDS FOR POSSIBLE FUTURE CFX CALCULATIONS
Introduction
Multi-Phase Flow Test Facility
Extension of Pilot Plant Pipework PPP for Software Validation
Experimental Set-Up
Experimental Results
Possible Chances and Difficulties in the Use of CFX for Water Hammer Calculations
CFD -
The Future of Safety Technology?

CFD-MODELING FOR OPTIMIZING THE FUNCTION OF LOW-PRESSURE VALVES

PART THREE: Fire and Explosions - are CFD Simulations Really Profitable?

CONSEQUENCES OF POOL FIRES TO LNG SHIP CARGO TANKS
Introduction
Evaluation of Heat Transfer
CFD-Calculations
Conclusions

CFD SIMULATION OF LARGE HYDROCARBON AND PEROXIDE POOL FIRES
Introduction
Governing Equations
Turbulence Modeling
Combustion Modeling
Radiation Modeling
CFD Simulation
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
CFD -
The Future of Safety Technology?

MODELING FIRE SCENARIOS AND SMOKE MIGRATION IN STRUCTURES
Introduction
Hierarchy of Fire Models
Balance Equations for Mass, Momentum, and Heat Transfer (CFD Models)
Zone Models
Plume Models
Computational Examples
Conclusions
CFD -
The Future of Safety Technology?

PART FOUR: CFD Tomorrow -
The Way to CFD as a Standard Tool in Safety Technology

THE ERCOFTAC KNOWLEDGE BASE WIKI -
AN AID FOR VALIDATING CFD MODELS
Introduction
Structure of the Knowledge Base Wiki
Content of the Knowledge Base
Interaction with Users
Concluding Remarks

CFD AT ITS LIMITS: SCALING ISSUES, UNCERTAIN DATA, AND THE USER.S ROLE
Numerics and Under-Resolved Simulations
Uncertainties
Theory and Practice
Conclusions

VALIDATION OF CFD MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF GAS DISPERSION
IN URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS
Introduction
Types of CFD Models
Validation Data
Wind Tunnel Experiments
Summary

CFD METHODS IN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY -
USEFUL TOOLS OR USELESS TOYS?
Introduction
Characteristic Properties of Combustion Systems
Practical Problems
Outlook

PART FIVE: Dynamic Systems -
Are 1D Models Sufficient?

DYNAMIC MODELING OF DISTURBANCES IN DISTILLATION COLUMNS
Introduction
Dynamic Simulation Model
Case Study
CFD- The Future of Safety Technology?
Nomenclature

DYNAMIC PROCESS SIMULATION FOR THE EVALUATION OF UPSET CONDITIONS IN CHEMICAL PLANTS IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRY
Introduction
Application of Dynamic Process Simulation
Conclusion
Dynamic Process Simulation -
The Future of Safety Technology?

THE PROCESS SAFETY TOOLBOX -
THE IMPORTANCE OF METHOD SELECTION FOR SAFETY-RELEVANT CALCULATIONS
Introduction -
The Process Safety Toolbox
Flow through Nitrogen Piping During Distillation Column Pressurization
Tube Failure in a Wiped-Film Evaporator
Phenol-Formaldehyde Uncontrolled Exothermic Reaction
Computational Fluid Dynamics -
Is It Ever Necessary?
Computational Fluid Dynamics -
The Future of Safety Technology?

CFD FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE BUNCEFIELD INCIDENT
Introduction
Observations from the CCTV Records
CFD Modeling of the Vapor Cloud Dispersion
Conclusions
CFD: The Future of Safety Technology?

PART SIX: Contributions for Discussion

DO WE REALLY WANT TO CALCULATE THE WRONG PROBLEM AS EXACTLY AS POSSIBLE?
THE RELEVANCE OF INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN TREATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTS
Introduction
Models
Case Study
Conclusions

CAN SOFTWARE EVER BE SAFE?
Introduction
Basics
Software Errors and Error Handling
Potential Future Approaches
CFD -
The Future of Safety Technology?

CFD MODELING: ARE EXPERIMENTS SUPERFLUOUS?

Jürgen Schmidt has worked as a safety expert for more than 25 years at Hoechst AG, Frankfurt and BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Since 2002 he lectures in Process and Plant Safety at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. Prof. Schmidt studied Process Engineering at the University Bochum, Germany, and at the Texas A&M University, USA. His main fi elds of interest are smart safety concepts (combining safety and economics), two-phase gas/liquid flow, safety devices and cyclone separators, high pressure fluid flow and condensation in natural gas pipelines. He has published more than 100 scientifi c articles in these areas.
Prof. Schmidt is member of the steering committee of ProcessNet?s Safety Engineering Section (a group of Dechema) in Germany and chairs the working group 'Safe Design of Chemical Plants'. Currently he leads ISO's standardization working party for 'Flashing liquids in safety devices'. In addition he is member of the board in the European DIERS User Group. He has received numerous awards from the Industry
and the European Process Safety Centre.