Regreening the Bare Hills, 2011
Tropical Forest Restoration in the Asia-Pacific Region
World Forests Series, Vol. 8

Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1: Deforestation and its Consequences in the Asia-Pacific region Introduction Deforestation rates The new landscapes Estimates of the area of ‘degraded’ land potentially available for reforestation Assessing the extent of biodiversity losses Consequences of deforestation and biodiversity loss Is the Protected Area network able to protect regional biodiversity? Conclusions References Chapter 2: Forest and Land Degradation in the Asia-Pacific Region Introduction Natural disturbances Human uses of forest Environmental determinants of deforestation The socio-economic context – a short history of deforestation in China and Japan Deforestation and degradation in the Asia-Pacific region Seven forest and land degradation Case Studies Lessons emerging from these Case Studies about the causes of forest and land degradation Thresholds and forest transitions Conclusions References Chapter 3: Reforestation, Conservation and Livelihoods Introduction Defining and assessing rural poverty Natural forests and livelihoods Biodiversity Conservation or Livelihood Improvements? Reforestation to enhance livelihoods and foster biodiversity conservation The role of land tenure Land tenure and reforestation Community forestry Community or private reforestation? Conclusions References Chapter 4: Different Types of Reforestation Introduction A conceptual model of degradation and forest restoration Choosing between Ecological Restoration, Plantation Monocultures and Rehabilitation Degradation and resilience Building resilience during reforestation Conclusions References Chapter 5: Natural Regeneration and Secondary Forests Introduction Defining secondary forests Natural regeneration at disturbed sites Environmental services provided by secondary forests Using natural succession to overcome degradation Accelerating successional development Managing established secondary forests Using secondary forests to create agroforests Conclusion References Chapter 6: Monocultural Plantations Introduction Reasons for establishing plantations Implementing reforestation on degraded lands The particular case of mine site rehabilitation The standard plantation model Limitations of this standard model The hazards of monocultures Species choices Sources of information on species choices Problems needed resolution before using a wider range of species in reforestation programs Monoculture plantations, biodiversity and environmental services Conclusions References Chapter 7: Mixed-species Plantings Introduction Some potential advantages of mixed-species plantations Species functional types Designs for mixed-species plantations Identifying ecologically complementary species Some management issues Mixtures at a landscape scale – a mosaic of monocultures Providing environmental services Conclusions References Chapter 8: Ecological Restoration Introduction Re-assembling forest ecosystems Examples of Ecological Restoration of tropical forests Some tentative principles governing the ways in which forest ecosystems might be restored In practice Direct seeding The social context Monitoring and adaptive management Conclusions References Chapter 9: Income for Farmers from Tree-planting Introduction Markets for forest products – examples from Vietnam Forest product markets elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region Market chains Financial models of different plantation designs The financial profitability of tree-growing elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific region Reforestation businesses Payments for environmental services The carbon market Increasing the income received by tree-growers Conclusions References Chapter 10: Assisting Farmers to Undertake Reforestation Introduction Farmers and the farming environment Making reforestation attractive to farmers The transition away from traditional forms of silviculture Reforestation following government assistance Reforestation with assistance from private timber companies Reforestation with assistance from Non Government Organisations Are partnerships enough? The role of incentives Building socially resilient forms of reforestation Judging success from a farmer’s perspective Conclusion References Chapter 11: Reforestation at a Landscape Scale Introduction The nature of landscape mosaics Ecological processes in evolving landscape Building resilience at the landscape scale How much reforestation? Where to undertake reforestation? What types of reforestation at particular locations? Planning Forest Landscape Restoration Approaches and decision-support tools for Forest Landscape Restoration Conclusions References Chapter 12: Developing Institutions to Support Reforestation Introduction The future context? Undertaking reforestation in future New institutional changes to encourage reforestation Revisiting resilience Conclusions References Chapter 13: Conclusions Introduction Alternative visions of the future Some things we still need to know Finally Glossary of terms Index