Smart Textiles
Wearable Nanotechnology

Smart Textiles: Wearable Nanotechnology provides a comprehensive presentation of recent advancements in the area of smart nanotextiles giving specific importance to materials and production processes. Different materials, production routes, performance characteristics, application areas and functionalization mechanisms are covered. The book provides a guideline to students, researchers, academicians and technologists who seek novel solutions in the related area by including groundbreaking advancements in different aspects of the diverse smart nanotextiles fields. This ground-breaking book is expected to spark an inspiration to allow future progress in smart nanotextiles research.

The diversity of the topics, as well as the expert subject-matter contributors from all over the world representing various disciplines, ensure comprehensiveness and a broad understanding of smart nanotextiles.

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Section 1: Introduction 1

1 Introduction to Smart Nanotextiles 3
Nazire Deniz Yilmaz

1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.1 Application Areas of Smart Nanotextiles 7

1.1.2 Incorporating Smartness into Textiles 8

1.1.3 Properties of Smart Nanotextiles 9

1.1.4 Nanotechnology 9

1.1.5 Nanomaterials 10

1.2 Nanofibers 11

1.2.1 Moisture Management 12

1.2.2 Thermoregulation 13

1.2.3 Personal Protection 13

1.2.4 Biomedicine 14

1.3 Nanosols 14

1.3.1 Applications of Nanosols 15

1.4 Responsive Polymers 16

1.5 Nanowires 18

1.6 Nanogenerators 19

1.7 Nanocomposites 21

1.8 Nanocoating 23

1.9 Nanofiber Formation 24

1.10 Nanotechnology Characterization Methods 26

1.11 Challenges and Future Studies 27

1.12 Conclusion 29

References 29

Section 2: Materials for Smart Nanotextiles 39

2 Nanofibers for Smart Textiles 41
Lynn Yuqin Wan

2.1 Introduction 41

2.2 Nanofibers and Their Advantages 42

2.3 Nanofiber Fabrication Technologies and Electrospinning 46

2.4 Smart Nanofibers and Their Applications in Textiles 48

2.4.1 Moisture Management and Waterproof 49

2.4.2 Thermoregulation 52

2.4.3 Personal Protection 54

2.4.4 Wearables and Sensors 57

2.4.5 Medical Care 59

2.5 Challenges Facing Electrospinning 60

2.5.1 Enhancement of Mechanical Properties 60

2.5.2 Large-Scale Production 61

2.5.3 Formation of Nanofiber-Based Yarn and Fabric 63

2.5.2 Other Issues 64

2.6 Future Outlook 65

2.6.1 Fabrication Technology 65

2.6.2 Applications Meet the Needs 67

2.7 Conclusion 68

References 69

3 Nanosols for Smart Textiles 91
Boris Mahltig

3.1 Introduction 91

3.2 Preparation of Nanosols as Coating Agents 93

3.3 Application on Textiles 95

3.4 Nanosols and Smart Textiles 96

3.4.1 Photocatalytic and Light Responsive Materials 96

3.4.2 Antimicrobial and Bioactive Systems 101

3.4.3 Controlled Release Systems 103

3.5 Summary 103

Acknowledgements 104

References 104

4 Responsive Polymers for Smart Textiles 111
Eri Niiyama, Ailifeire Fulati and Mitsuhiro Ebara

4.1 Classification of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers 111

4.2 Fiber Fabrication 113

4.3 Biomedical Application 116

4.3.1 Sensors 116

4.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs) 117

4.3.3 Cell Application 120

4.4 Filters 122

4.5 Conclusion 123

References 124

5 Nanowires for Smart Textiles 127
Jizhong Song

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Advantages of Nanowires to Smart Textiles 130

5.2.1 Balance between Transparency and Conductivity 130

5.2.2 High Specific Surface Area 131

5.2.3 Direct Charge Transport Path 131

5.2.4 Oriented Assembly 132

5.3 Various Nanowires for Smart Textiles 132

5.3.1 Conductive Nanowires for Smart Textiles 132

5.3.1.1 Metal Nanowires for Smart Textiles 133

5.3.1.2 Polymer Nanowires for Smart Textiles 138

5.3.2 Semiconducting Nanowires for Smart Textiles 141

5.3.2.1 Oxide Nanowires for Smart Textiles 141

5.3.2.2 Sulfide Nanowires for Smart Textiles 147

5.3.2.3 Other Nanowires for Smart Textiles 150

5.4 Perspectives on Future Research 152

References 164

6 Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles 177
Xiong Pu, Weiguo Hu and Zhong Lin Wang

6.1 Introduction 177

6.2 Working Mechanisms of Nanogenerators 179

6.2.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerators 179

6.2.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 181

6.2.3 Theoretical Origin of Nanogenerators – Maxwell’s Displacement Current 184

6.3 Progresses of Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles 186

6.3.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles 187

6.3.1.1 Fiber-Based PENGs 187

6.3.1.2 Textile-Based PENGs 189

6.3.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles 192

6.3.2.1 Fiber-Based TENGs 192

6.3.2.2 Textile-Based TENGs Starting from 1D Yarns/Fibers 194

6.3.2.3 Textile-Based TENGs Starting from 2D Fabrics 197

6.3.3 Hybrid Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles 200

6.3.3.1 Integrating with Energy-Storage Devices 200

6.3.3.2 Integrating with Energy-Harvesting Devices 201

6.4 Conclusions and Prospects 204

References 205

7 Nanocomposites for Smart Textiles 211
Nazire Deniz Yilmaz

7.1 Introduction 211

7.2 Classification of Nanocomposites 213

7.2.1 Nanocomposites Based on Matrix Types 214

7.3 Structure and Properties of Nanocomposites 215

7.4 Production Methods of Nanocomposites 216

7.5 Nanocomposite Components 218

7.5.1 Carbon Nanotubes 218

7.5.2 Carbon Nanofiber 220

7.5.3 Nanocellulose 221

7.5.4 Conducting Polymers 223

7.5.5 Nanoparticles 224

7.5.6 Nanoclays 225

7.5.7 Nanowires 226

7.5.8 Others 227

7.6 Nanocomposite Forms 231

7.6.1 Laminated Nanocomposites 231

7.6.2 Nanocomposite Fibers 231

7.6.3 Nanocomposite Membranes 232

7.6.4 Nanocomposite Coatings 233

7.6.5 Nanocomposite Hydrogels 233

7.7 Functions of Nanocomposites in Smart Textiles 234

7.7.1 Sensors 234

7.7.2 Antibacterial Activity 236

7.7.3 Defense Applications 236

7.7.4 Fire Protection 236

7.7.5 Actuators 236

7.7.6 Self-Cleaning 237

7.7.7 Energy Harvesting 237

7.8 Future Outlook 238

7.9 Conclusion 239

References 239

8 Nanocoatings for Smart Textiles 247
Esfandiar Pakdel, Jian Fang, Lu Sun and Xungai Wang

8.1 Introduction 247

8.2 Fabrication Methods of Nanocoatings 249

8.2.1 Sol–Gel 249

8.3 Sol–Gel Coatings on Textiles 252

8.3.1 Self-Cleaning Coatings 252

8.3.1.1 Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning Nanocoatings 252

8.3.1.2 Self-Cleaning Surface Based on Superhydrophobic Coatings 259

8.3.2 Antimicrobial Sol–Gel Nanocoatings 263

8.3.3 UV-Protective Nanocoatings 266

8.4 Impregnation and Cross-Linking Method 268

8.5 Plasma Surface Activation 271

8.6 Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings 274

8.6.1 Flame-Retardant Coatings 276

8.6.2 Thermal Regulating Coatings 279

8.6.2.1 Phase Change Materials (PCMs) 279

8.6.2.2 Nanowire Composite Coatings 282

8.6.3 Conductive Coatings 286

8.6.3.1 Carbon-Based Conductive Coating 287

8.6.3.2 Metal-Based Conductive Coating 288

8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospect 291

Acknowledgements 291

References 291

Section 3: Production Technologies for Smart Nanotextiles 301

9 Production Methods of Nanofibers for Smart Textiles 303
Rajkishore Nayak

9.1 Introduction 303

9.2 Electrospinning 305

9.2.1 Types of Electrospinning 306

9.2.1.1 Solution Electrospinning 306

9.2.1.2 Melt Electrospinning 308

9.2.2 Use of Electrospinning for Smart Textiles 313

9.2.3 Multijets from Single Needle 317

9.2.4 Multijets from Multiple Needles 317

9.2.5 Multijets from Needleless Systems 318

9.2.6 Other Potential Approaches in Electrospinning 319

9.2.7 Bubble Electrospinning 319

9.2.8 Electroblowing 320

9.2.9 Electrospinning by Porous Hollow Tube 321

9.2.10 Electrospinning by Microfluidic Manifold 321

9.2.11 Roller Electrospinning 322

9.3 Other Techniques without Electrostatic Force 324

9.3.1 Melt Blowing 324

9.3.2 Wet Spinning 326

9.3.3 Melt Spinning 327

9.3.4 Template Melt Extrusion 328

9.3.5 Flash Spinning 328

9.3.6 Bicomponent Spinning 330

9.3.7 Other Approaches 331

9.4 Comparisons of Different Processes 333

9.5 Conclusions 337

References 337

10 Characterization Methods of Nanotechnology-Based Smart Textiles 347
Mamatha M. Pillai, R. Senthilkumar, R. Selvakumar and Amitava Bhattacharyya

10.1 Introduction 348

10.2 Nanomaterial Characterization Using Spectroscopy 351

10.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy 351

10.2.1.1 Principle 351

10.2.1.2 Applications 352

10.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 353

10.2.2.1 Principle 353

10.2.2.2 Applications 354

10.2.3 Ultraviolet UV–Vis Spectroscopy 356

10.2.3.1 Principle 356

10.2.3.2 Applications 357

10.3 Nanomaterial Characterization Using Microscopy 358

10.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 358

10.3.1.1 Principle 359

10.3.1.2 Sample Preparation 359

10.3.1.3 Applications 360

10.3.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis 361

10.3.2.1 Principle 361

10.3.2.2 Applications 361

10.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 362

10.3.3.1 Principle 362

10.3.3.2 Sample Preparation 362

10.3.3.3 Applications 363

10.3.4 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 364

10.3.4.1 Principle 365

10.3.4.2 Applications 366

10.4 Characterization Using X-Ray 367

10.4.1 X-Ray Diffraction 367

10.4.1.1 Principle 367

10.4.1.2 Applications 368

10.4.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 368

10.4.2.1 Principle 369

10.4.2.2 Applications 369

10.5 Particle Size and Zeta Potential Analysis 369

10.5.1 Principle 370

10.5.2 Applications 370

10.6 Biological Characterizations 371

10.7 Other Characterization Techniques 371

10.8 Conclusions 374

References 374

Index 379

Nazire Yilmaz has obtained her undergraduate and MSc degrees in Textile Engineering from Pamukkale University (PAU) in Turkey, and her PhD degree in Textile Technology Management program from North Carolina State University (NCSU), USA. She has worked as a teaching assistant in NCSU and a research assistant in PAU. She has given courses in textile and biomedical engineering programs in PAU as an associate professor. She has published about 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, holds a patent, has directed 4 research projects and serves as a frequent reviewer for prestigious journals.