Building Information Modeling
Shared Modeling, Mutual Data, the New Art of Building

This book presents how Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the use of shared representation of built assets facilitate design, construction and operation processes (ISO 19650). The modeling of public works data disrupts the art of construction. Written by both academics and engineers who are heavily involved in the French research project Modélisation des INformations INteropérables pour les INfrastructues Durables (MINnD) as well as in international standardization projects, this book presents the challenges of BIM from theoretical and practical perspectives. It provides knowledge for evolving in an ecosystem of federated models and common data environments, which are the basis of the platforms and data spaces.

BIM makes it possible to handle interoperability very concretely, using open standards, which lead to openBIM. The use of a platform allows for the merging of business software and for approaches such as a Geographic Information System (GIS) to be added to the processes.

In organizations, BIM meets the life cycles of structures and circular economy. It is not only a technique that reshapes cooperation and trades around a digital twin but can also disrupt organizations and business models.

Foreword xi
Arto KIVINIEMI

Preface xiii
Christophe CASTAING

Introduction xix
Régine TEULIER and Marie BAGIEU

Chapter 1 Disruptive Technology and Economic Issues 1
Régine TEULIER and Marie BAGIEU

1.1 BIM as a disruptive technology 1

1.1.1 The concept of disruptive technology 2

1.1.2 BIM interpreted as a disruptive technology? 3

1.1.3 The characteristics of BIM as a disruptive technology 4

1.2 Introduction of BIM in the construction industry: observations from the French construction industry 7

1.2.1 The digital effect and the transformation of software and platforms 9

1.2.2 The transformation of all the company's processes 10

1.2.3 The management of the project 12

1.2.4 Project portfolio and corporate strategy 13

1.2.5 Inter-company cooperation 14

1.3 Economic issues 15

1.4 Implementation and diffusion of BIM 16

1.5 Measuring BIM maturity 18

1.6 Conclusion 22

1.7 References 23

Chapter 2 3D Engineering and Lifecycle Management of Manufactured Products 29
Benoît EYNARD, Alexandre DURUPT, Matthieu BRICOGNE and Julien LE DUIGOU

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Digital mock-up 30

2.2.1 How to define a digital mock-up 30

2.2.2 Views, configurations and versions of a digital mock-up 31

2.3 Integration of the product lifecycle 33

2.3.1 Lifecycle management 33

2.3.2 Closed-loop lifecycle management 35

2.4 Models, standards and product ontologies 37

2.4.1 Models and product standards 37

2.4.2 Product ontologies 39

2.5 Multidisciplinary design 40

2.6 Systems engineering 42

2.7 Agility and digital transformation: the contribution of new collaboration processes 44

2.8 References 45

Chapter 3 Interoperability Through Standards: IFC, Concepts and Methods 51
Pierre BENNING and Claude DUMOULIN

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 OpenBIM and interoperability 52

3.2.1 The requirements for exchanges 52

3.2.2 Exchanges between modeling software 54

3.2.3 Exchanges between modeling and simulation software 54

3.2.4 Exchanges between modeling software and other software 55

3.2.5 Visualization software 55

3.3 The sustainability of the information 55

3.3.1 The security of standards 55

3.3.2 The storage of digital data 56

3.4 The development of IFC, a neutral exchange format 57

3.4.1 Principles, concepts and methods 57

3.4.2 Open format versus readability 62

3.4.3 IFC4 62

3.4.4 Other related formats 63

3.5 The infrastructure domain 63

3.5.1 Definitions 63

3.5.2 Specificity of the infrastructures 64

3.5.3 BIM challenges for infrastructure 64

3.5.4 Comparison with the manufacturing industry 66

3.6 IFCs for infrastructure 66

3.6.1 Identified areas 66

3.6.2 Development methodology 67

3.6.3 Newly built classes 68

3.6.4 Classes under development 69

3.6.5 Perspectives 69

3.7 Standards 71

3.7.1 IFC standards 71

3.7.2 BIM and related standards 71

3.8 References 72

Chapter 4 Structuring Information for the Digital Twin 77
Ana ROXIN, Christophe CASTAING and Charles-Édouard TOLMER

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Problem 78

4.2.1 Complex systems 83

4.2.2 The business issue: "enabling system" and "systems of interest" 86

4.2.3 The challenges associated with the modeling of complex systems 92

4.3 Conclusion 93

4.4 References 93

Chapter 5 Complex Systems Modeling Approaches 95
Ana ROXIN and Christophe CASTAING

5.1 Introduction 95

5.2 Object model-based approaches 98

5.2.1 Model-based architectures and standards 99

5.2.2 International standards using this type of modeling 101

5.3 Knowledge model-based approaches 105

5.3.1 Presentation of the approach and associated standards 106

5.3.2 Discussion 111

5.3.3 International standards using this type of modeling 112

5.4 Hybrid approaches 113

5.5 Conclusion 115

5.6 References 117

Chapter 6 Building Information Modeling and Lean Construction 121
Lauri KOSKELA, Saeed TALEBI, Algan TEZEL and Patricia TZORTZOPOULOS

6.1 Introduction 121

6.2 Overview on BIM and Lean 122

6.2.1 Building information modeling 122

6.2.2 Lean 123

6.2.3 Relation between BIM and Lean 125

6.3 Contributions of BIM to Lean in design, construction and facilities maintenance 127

6.3.1 BIM for Lean in design 127

6.3.2 BIM for Lean Construction 130

6.3.3 BIM for Lean facilities management 133

6.4 Lean for BIM 135

6.5 Conclusion 137

6.6 References 137

Chapter 7 Building Information Modeling for Existing Buildings – Deconstruction Planning and Management 147
Rebekka VOLK

7.1 Introduction 147

7.2 Data generation for BIM use in existing buildings 149

7.2.1 Scan-to-BIM methods 149

7.2.2 Other methods 151

7.2.3 Standardized denomination of BIM data elements 151

7.3 BIM use in deconstruction and EOL building stages 152

7.3.1 Definitions 152

7.3.2 Benefits and impact of BIM deconstruction use case 154

7.3.3 Requirements for BIM deconstruction use case 155

7.3.4 State-of-the-art deconstruction planning 155

7.4 Conclusion 160

7.4.1 Summary 160

7.4.2 Outlook 161

7.5 References 162

Chapter 8 BIM, GIS: Complementarity and Convergence 171
Hervé HALBOUT, François ROBIDA and Mojgan A JADIDI

8.1 BIM and GIS 171

8.1.1 Definitions 171

8.1.2 GIS, as a technical and organizational tool 172

8.1.3 GIS, a powerful land information management tool 173

8.1.4 BIM, a powerful asset management tool 175

8.2 BIM and GIS: Complementarity/convergence/digital continuity 176

8.2.1 Analogies between GIS and BIM 176

8.2.2 Scale complementarity of GIS and BIM 177

8.2.3 Complementarity of (geo)localization 178

8.2.4 Data complementarity 178

8.3 Convergence of formats 179

8.3.1 The emergence of GIS standards and the role of OGC 179

8.3.2 OGC standards 180

8.3.3 What standards for BIM – GIS convergence? 182

8.3.4 OGC – bSI Collaboration 184

8.4 BIM and GIS interoperability 185

8.4.1 Digital continuity 185

8.4.2 Exchange formats versus interoperability 186

8.4.3 The new collaborative tools 188

8.4.4 The evolution of practices and skills 188

8.5 Conclusion and perspectives 192

8.6 References 193

Glossary 197

List of Authors 223

Index 227

Régine Teulier is an associate researcher at the i3-CRG (UMR CNRS 9217, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau), France. Her research interests concern the knowledge and cooperation processes through the observation of practices. Since 2007, she has participated in the Communic and MINnD projects.

Marie Bagieu is an engineer and has a doctorate in physical sciences. She is director of educational innovation at Builders École d’Ingénieurs, France, and is a member of the steering committee of the EduBIM network, an offshoot of the MINnD collaborative research project.