Signal and Image Processing for Biometrics

The aim of this book is to deal with biometrics in terms of signal and image processing methods and algorithms. This will help engineers and students working in digital signal and image processing deal with the implementation of such specific algorithms.

It discusses numerous signal and image processing techniques that are very often used in biometric applications. In particular, algorithms related to hand feature extraction, speech recognition, 2D/3D face biometrics, video surveillance and other interesting approaches are presented. Moreover, in some chapters, Matlab codes are provided so that readers can easily reproduce some basic simulation results.

This book is suitable for final-year undergraduate students, postgraduate students, engineers and researchers in the field of computer engineering and applied digital signal and image processing.

1. Introduction to Biometrics, Bernadette Dorizzi.
2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition, Amine Nait-Ali and Dalila Cherifi.
3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition, Antitza Dantcheva, Christelle Yemdji, Petros Elia and Jean-Luc Dugelay.
4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking ?for Face Recognition, Catherine Herold, Vincent Despiegel, Stéphane Gentric,?Séverine Dubuisson and Isabelle Bloch.
5. 3D Face Recognition, Mohsen Ardabilian, Przemyslaw Szeptycki, Di Huang and Liming Chen.
6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics, Kamel Aloui, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier and Saber Naceur.
7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification, Foezur Chowdhury, Sid-Ahmed Selouani?and Douglas O?Shaughnessy.
8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics, Régis Fournier and Amine Nait-Ali.
9. Multibiometrics, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Estelle Cherrier and?Christophe Rosenberger.
10. Hidden Biometrics, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier, Kamel Aloui and?Noureddine Belgacem.
11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems, Mohamad El-Abed, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Julien Mahier?and Christophe Rosenberger.
12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics, Amel Bouchemha, Chérif Nait-Hamoud, Amine Nait-Ali and?Régis Fournier.
13. Data Cryptography, Islam Naveed and William Puech.
14. Visual Data Protection, Islam Naveed and William Puech.
15. Biometrics in Forensics, Guillaume Galou and Christophe Lambert.

Preface xiii
Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER

Chapter 1. Introduction to Biometrics 1
Bernadette DORIZZI

1.1. Background: from anthropometry to biometrics 1

1.2. Biometrics today 2

1.3. Different modes of use of a biometric system and associated uses 3

1.4. Biometrics as a pattern recognition problem 4

1.5. Evaluation of different modalities 8

1.6. Quality 9

1.7. Multimodality 10

1.8. Biometrics and preservation of privacy 11

1.9. Conclusion 12

1.10. Bibliography 12

Chapter 2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition 15
Amine NAÏT-ALI and Dalila CHERIFI

2.1. Introduction 15

2.2. Global face recognition techniques 16

2.3. Local face recognition techniques 25

2.4. Hybrid face recognition techniques 28

2.5. Some guidances 32

2.6. Some databases 35

2.7. Conclusion 35

2.8. Bibliography 36

Chapter 3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition 39
Antitza DANTCHEVA, Christelle YEMDJI, Petros ELIA and Jean-Luc DUGELAY

3.1. Introduction to soft biometrics 39

3.2. Soft biometric systems for human identification 42

3.3. Overall error probability of a soft biometrics system 48

3.4. Conclusions and future directions 53

3.5. Bibliography 53

Chapter 4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking for Face Recognition 57
Catherine HEROLD, Vincent DESPIEGEL, Stéphane GENTRIC, Séverine DUBUISSON and Isabelle BLOCH

4.1. Background 57

4.2. Types of available information 61

4.3. Geometric approaches for the reconstruction 63

4.4. Model-based approaches for reconstruction 67

4.5. Hybrid approaches 76

4.6. Integration of the time aspect 77

4.7. Conclusion 82

4.8. Bibliography 83

Chapter 5. 3D Face Recognition 89
Mohsen ARDABILIAN, Przemyslaw SZEPTYCKI, Di HUANG and Liming CHEN

5.1. Introduction 89

5.2. 3D face databases 90

5.3. 3D acquisition 92

5.4. Preprocessing and normalization 94

5.5. 3D face recognition 101

5.6. Asymmetric face recognition 109

5.7. Conclusion 110

5.8. Bibliography 111

Chapter 6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics 117
Kamel ALOUI, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER and Saber NACEUR

6.1. Introduction 117

6.2. Iris biometric systems 118

6.3. Iris recognition methods: state-of-the-art 119

6.4. Preprocessing of iris images 122

6.5. Features extraction and encoding 125

6.6. Similarity measure between two IrisCodes 126

6.7. Iris biometrics: emerging methods 127

6.8. Conclusion 128

6.9. Bibliography 128

Chapter 7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification 131
Foezur CHOWDHURY, Sid-Ahmed SELOUANI and Douglas O’SHAUGHNESSY

7.1. Introduction 131

7.2. Acoustic analysis for robust speaker recognition 134

7.3. Distributed speaker recognition through UBM–GMM models 138

7.4. Performance evaluation of DSIDV 142

7.5. Conclusion 145

7.6. Bibliography 146

Chapter 8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics 149
Régis FOURNIER and Amine NAÏT-ALI

8.1. Introduction 149

8.2. Characterization by minutiae extraction 151

8.3. A few databases 160

8.4. Conclusion 165

8.5. Bibliography 165

Chapter 9. Multibiometrics 167
Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Estelle CHERRIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER

9.1. Introduction 167

9.2. Different principles of multibiometrics 169

9.3. Fusion levels 171

9.4. Applications and illustrations 189

9.5. Conclusion 191

9.6. Bibliography 192

Chapter 10. Hidden Biometrics 195
Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER, Kamel ALOUI and Noureddine BELGACEM

10.1. Introduction 195

10.2. Biometrics using ECG 196

10.3. Biometrics using EMG: preliminary experiments 198

10.4. Biometrics using medical imaging 200

10.5. Conclusion 205

10.6. Bibliography 205

Chapter 11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems 207
Mohamad EL ABED, Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Julien MAHIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER

11.1. Introduction 207

11.2. Reminders on biometric systems 208

11.3. Results analysis tools 212

11.4. Illustration of the GREYC-Keystroke system 223

11.5. Conclusion 228

11.6. Bibliography 229

Chapter 12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics 231
Amel BOUCHEMHA, Chérif NAIT-HAMOUD, Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER

12.1. Introduction 231

12.2. Generalization aptitude and performance measures 232

12.3. Parametric approaches 234

12.4. Non-parametric approaches 241

12.5. Conclusion 260

12.6. Bibliography 261

Chapter 13. Data Cryptography 263
Islam NAVEED and William PUECH

13.1. Introduction 263

13.2. Cryptography 263

13.3. Conclusion 276

13.4. Bibliography 276

Chapter 14. Visual Data Protection 279
Islam NAVEED and William PUECH

14.1. Introduction 279

14.2. Visual data hiding 279

14.3. A proposed homomorphism-based visual secret sharing scheme 284

14.4. Conclusion 294

14.5. Bibliography 294

Chapter 15. Biometrics in Forensics 297
Guillaume GALOU and Christophe LAMBERT

15.1. Introduction 297

15.2. Facial comparison 298

15.3. Voice comparison in forensics 301

15.4. Bibliography 311

List of Authors 313

Index 317

Amine Naït-Ali is Professor at University Paris-Est Créteil in France. His research interests focus on biosignal processing, biometrics, modeling, pattern recognition and multimodal compression. He has edited and co-edited numerous books and co-authored peer-reviewed papers in the bio-engineering field. Currently, he is in charge of a biometric research group and an international Masters program in biometrics.

Régis Fournier is Associate Professor at University Paris-Est Créteil in France. His research interests concern biosignal processing, modeling, stochastic process, multimodal compression and biometrics. He has co-authored national and international peer-reviewed papers in the biomedical engineering field. A member of a biometric research group, he is currently involved in scientific relationships with companies for an international Masters program in biometrics.