Presidential Rhetoric from Wilson to Obama
Constructing crises, fast and slow
Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy Series

Over the past century, presidential constructions of crises have spurred recurring redefinitions of U.S. interests, as crusading advance has alternated with realist retrenchment. For example, Harry Truman and George W. Bush constructed crises that justified liberal crusades in the Cold War and War on Terror. In turn, each was followed by realist successors, as Dwight Eisenhower and Barack Obama limited U.S. commitments, but then struggled to maintain popular support.

To make sense of such dynamics, this book synthesizes constructivist and historical institutionalist insights regarding the ideational overreactions that spur shifts across crusading excesses and realist counter-reactions. Widmaier juxtaposes what Daniel Kahneman terms the initial "fast thinking" popular constructions of crises that justify liberal crusades, the "slow thinking" intellectual conversionof such views in realist adjustments, and the tensions that can lead to renewed crises. This book also traces these dynamics historically across five periods ? as Wilson?s overreach limited Franklin Roosevelt to a reactive pragmatism, as Truman?s Cold War crusading incited Eisenhower?s restraint, as Kennedy-Johnson Vietnam-era crusading led to Nixon?s revived realism, as Reagan?s idealism yielded to a Bush-Clinton pragmatism, and as George W. Bush?s crusading was followed by Obama?s restraint. Widmaier concludes by addressing theoretical debates over punctuated change, historical debates over the scope for consensus, and policy debates over populist or intellectual excesses.

This work will be of great interest to students and scholars of U.S. Foreign Policy

1. Constructing Crises, Converting Values, and Credibility Gaps 2. Wilsonian Transformations: Presidential Rhetoric and Crusading Internationalism 3. Constructing Cold War Consensus: Truman’s Crusade and Eisenhower’s Restraint 4. The Limits to the Cold War Consensus – and to the Pragmatic Lessons of Vietnam 5. Constructing Liberal Lessons of Vietnam – and the Limits to Post-Cold War Pragmatism 6. Constructing a Crusading Freedom Agenda or a Pragmatic Responsibility to Protect 7. Conclusions: Populism, Intellectualism and the Limits of Foreign Policy by Crisis

Wesley W. Widmaier is an Australian Research Council Future Fellow, 2011-2015 at Griffith University Centre for Governance and Public Policy, Griffith University.