Socializing Children Elements in Child Development Series

Complaints are often made that recommendations about how to rear children are contradictory and, therefore, not helpful. In this Element we survey the history of theory and research relevant to childrearing in an attempt to show how apparent differences can be resolved. We suggest that socialization occurs in different domains, with each domain fostering socialization in a different way. Thus there is no all-purpose principle or mechanism of socialization but, rather, different forms of relationship between child and agent that serve a different function, involve different rules for effecting behavior change, and facilitate different outcomes. Using this framework, we survey research relevant to different domains, including the roles played by parents, siblings, and peers in the socialization process. We follow this with a discussion of how culture and biology make their contribution to an understanding of domains of socialization.

1. Introduction; 2. Overview; 3. Approaches to Understanding Socialization: How Did We Get from Freud to Present-Day Formulations?; 4. Putting it All Together: A Domains Approach to Socialization; 5. Parenting Cognitions; 6. Siblings and Peers as Agents of Socialization; 7. Cultural Influences on Socialization; 8. Biological Aspects of Socialization; 9. Some Final Thoughts.