Synchronous Equivalence, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2001
Formal Methods for Embedded Systems

An embedded system is loosely defined as any system that utilizes electronics but is not perceived or used as a general-purpose computer. Traditionally, one or more electronic circuits or microprocessors are literally embedded in the system, either taking up roles that used to be performed by mechanical devices, or providing functionality that is not otherwise possible.
The goal of this book is to investigate how formal methods can be applied to the domain of embedded system design. The emphasis is on the specification, representation, validation, and design exploration of such systems from a high-level perspective. The authors review the framework upon which the theories and experiments are based, and through which the formal methods are linked to synthesis and simulation.
A formal verification methodology is formulated to verify general properties of the designs and demonstrate that this methodology is efficient in dealing with the problem of complexity and effective in finding bugs. However, manual intervention in the form of abstraction selection and separation of timing and functionality is required. It is conjectured that, for specific properties, efficient algorithms exist for completely automatic formal validations of systems.
Synchronous Equivalence: Formal Methods for Embedded Systems presents a brand new formal approach to high-level equivalence analysis. It opens design exploration avenues previously uncharted. It is a work that can stand alone but at the same time is fully compatible with the synthesis and simulation framework described in another book by Kluwer Academic Publishers Hardware-Software Co-Design of EmbeddedSystems: The POLIS Approach, by Balarin et al.
Synchronous Equivalence: Formal Methods for Embedded Systems will be of interest to embedded system designers (automotive electronics, consumer electronics, and telecommunications), micro-controller designers, CAD developers and students, as well as IP providers, architecture platform designers, operating system providers, and designers of VLSI circuits and systems.

1. Introduction.- 1. Emergence of Embedded Systems.- 2. Design of Embedded Systems.- 3. Requirements For An Effective Design Methodology.- 4. Proposed Design Approach.- 5. Motivation.- 6. Overview.- 2. The Polis Codesign Framework.- 1. The Polis Codesign Methodology.- 3. Codesign Finite State Machines.- 1. Background.- 2. CFSMs: Semantics.- 3. Mathematical Model.- 4. Formal Verification of CFSM Specifications.- 1. Verification Methodology.- 2. Verification Example: Seat Belt Alarm Controller.- 3. Verification Example: Shock Absorber Controller.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. Synchronous Equivalence.- 1. Motivation.- 2. The Synchronous Assumption and Synchronous Equivalence.- 3. Design Exploration Methodology.- 4. Analyzing Synchronous Equivalence.- 6. Static Equivalence Analysis.- 1. Scheduling Policy Analysis.- 2. System Graph Analysis.- 3. Mixed Analysis.- 4. Analysis of Heterogeneous Architectures.- 5. Conclusions.- 7. Communication Analysis.- 1. Execution Trace.- 2. Abstracting Communication.- 3. Conclusions.- 8. Refining Communication Analysis.- 1. Container Refinement.- 2. State Refinement.- 3. Pruning Execution Covers.- 4. Relationship with Exact Simulation.- 9. Conclusions and Future Directions.- 1. Conclusions.- 2. Future Directions.