Lysosomes: A Survey, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1976
Coll. Cell Biology Monographs, Vol. 3

This brief monograph is intended chiefly for non-specialists and for others interested in a concise introduction to the field. The literature on lysosomes is growing so rapidly that any effort at exhaustive comprehensiveness would be foredoomed to failure. Fortunately, an extensive series of reviews has been published in the past few years (see especially DINGLE and FELL 1969; DINGLE 1972, 1973 a; HERS and VAN HoOF 1973) and the "history" of the organelles is brief enough that major contributors to all stages of that history are still available to provide first-hand discussions (e. g. , DE DUVE and WATTIAUX 1966; DE DUVE 1969; NOVIKOFF 1971, 1973; see also VAN FURTH for work on phago­ cytes and DE REUCK and CAMERON 1963 for useful reviews of early work). New York, N. Y. , September 1975 E. HOLTZMAN Contents I. General Considerations and Background 1. 1. Perspectives 1 1. 2. Definitions . 2 1. 2. 1. General Functional Categories 2 1. 2. 2. Outline of Lysosome Functioning in Phagocytes 3 1. 2. 3. Additional Terms: Heterophagy and Autophagy 4 1. 3. Characterization of Lysosomes . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 3. 1. Basic Biochemical Characteristics of Lysosomes 5 1. 3. 1. 1. Key Features of Lysosomes 8 1. 3. 1. 2. The Lysosomal Enzymes . 8 1. 3. 1. 3. Digestion in Lysosomes 11 1. 3. 104. Lysosomal "Permeability" 13 1. 3. 2. Some Cytochemical and Morphological Characteristics 15 1. 3. 2. 1. Cytochemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . 16 1. 3. 2. 2. Cytochemical Studies of Exogenous Tracers .

I. General Considerations and Background.- I.1. Perspectives.- I.2. Definitions.- I.2.1. General Functional Categories.- I.2.2. Outline of Lysosome Functioning in Phagocytes.- I.2.3. Additional Terms: Heterophagy and Autophagy.- I.3. Characterization of Lysosomes.- I.3.1. Basic Biochemical Characteristics of Lysosomes.- I.3.1.1. Key Features of Lysosomes.- I.3.1.2. The Lysosomal Enzymes.- I.3.1.3. Digestion in Lysosomes.- I.3.1.4. Lysosomal “Permeability”.- I.3.2. Some Cytochemical and Morphological Characteristics.- I.3.2.1. Cytochemical Methods.- I.3.2.2. Cytochemical Studies of Exogenous Tracers.- I.3.2.3. Additional Cytochemical Features of Lysosomes: “Matrix” Materials and Some Other Non-Enzymatic Components.- I.4. Morphological Categories of Lysosomes.- II. Lysosome Formation, Functioning and Fate.- II. 1. Heterophagy.- II.1.1. Background.- II.1.2. Specificity.- II.1.3. The Transport of Acid Hydrolases.- II.1.3.1. The Formation of Primary Lysosomes in PMN Leukocytes.- II.1.3.2. Primary Lysosomes in Macrophages.- II.1.4. Fusion Phenomena, Lysosome “Reuse” and Lysosome Membranes.- II.1.4.1. Lysosome “Recycling”.- II.1.4.2. Energetics and Control of Movements in Heterophagy.- II.1.4.3. Lysosome Membranes; Fusion.- II.1.4.4. Other Features of the Lysosome Surface: Enzymes, Changes and Stability.- II.1.4.5. Acidification.- II.2. Hydrolase Transport in Cells Other than Phagocytes.- II.2.1. GERL.- II.2.2. Endoplasmic Reticulum and Lysosomes; Some Biochemical Findings.- II.3. Autophagy.- II.3.1. Basic Morphology.- II.3.2. Mode of Formation of Autophagie Vacuoles.- II.3.2.1. Source of the Delimiting Membranes.- II.3.2.2. Source of the Hydrolases.- II.3.3. Crinophagy.- II.3.4. Some General Aspects of the Control and Specificity of Autophagy.- II.4. Multivesicular Bodies (MVB’s).- II.4.1. Heterophagic Roles.- II.4.2. Participation in Autophagy.- II.4.2.1. Incorporation of Secretory Material and of Intact Vesicles.- II.4.2.2. Degradation of Membranes Participating in Endocytosis.- II.4.2.3. Possible Roles in Degrading Other Types of Membrane.- II.4.2.4. Microautophagy.- II.5. The Fate of Lysosomes.- II.5.1. Release vs. Retention.- II.5.2. “Telolysosomes” and Lipofuscin.- II.6. Lysosome Heterogeneity.- III. Lysosomes in Turnover and Modulation.- III.1. Turnover of Cells and Tissues of Higher Animals and Features of Developmental Remodelling.- III.1.1. Background and an Example: The Red Blood Cell Life History.- III.1.1.1. Lysosomes in the Maturation of Red Blood Cells.- III.1.1.2. The Destruction of Red Blood Cells.- III.1.1.3. Iron Storage and Release.- III.1.2. Developmental “Remodelling”.- III.1.2.1. Case Histories: Cell Destruction in Insect Metamorphosis.- III.2. Turnover of Extracellular Materials.- III.2.1. Connective Tissue Components.- III.2.1.1. Hydrolase Release in Cartilage.- III.2.1.2. Osteoclasts.- III.2.1.3. Collagenases.- III.3. Turnover of Circulating Macromolecules.- III.3.1. Selectivity.- III.4. Intracellular Turnover.- III.4.1. Some Methodological Perspectives and Problems.- III.4.2. Turnover in Bacteria.- III.4.3. Turnover of Organelles and Intracellular Macromolecules in Eucaryotes.- III.4.3.1. Some General Points and Some Experiments Paralleling those Done with Procaryotes.- III.4.3.2. Turnover of Macromolecules that are not Components of Membrane-Delimited Organelles.- III.4.3.3. Aspects of the Turnover of Membrane-Delimited Cytoplasmic Organdies.- III.5. Turnover of Photoreceptor Membranes.- IV. Pathology.- IV.1. Lysosomal Storage Diseases.- IV.1.1. Lipidoses and Polysaccharidoses.- IV.1.2. Etiological Aspects.- IV.1.3. Some Interesting Disorders of Uncertain Status.- IV.2. Lysosomes and Infection.- IV.2.1. The Entry of Structures with Macromolecular Dimensions into Cells: Viruses and Toxic Proteins.- IV.2.2. Potentially Instructive Failures of Defenses.- IV.2.3. Malaria.- IV.3. The “Pathological” Release of Enzymes to Extracellular Spaces; Arthritis, Inflammation, and Related Phenomena.- IV.4. The Intracellular Release of Hydrolases: Lysosome Fragility, Labilizers, and Stabilizers.- IV.4.1. Methodological Problems.- IV.4.2. Silica and Uric Acid.- IV.4.3. Labilizers, Stabilizers, Drugs, and Inhibitors.- IV.5. Lysosomes in Immune Responses.- IV.5.1. Macrophages and Some Other Cells in the “Processing” or “Presentation” of Antigens.- IV.5.2. Lysosomes in Lymphocyte Activation.- IV.5.3. The Transfer of Maternal Antibodies.- V. Some Special Topics and Some Loose Ends.- V.1. Lysosomes in Plant Cells.- V.1.1. Senescence and Cell Death.- V.1.2. Autophagy.- V.1.3. Extracellular Hydrolases.- V.2. Hydrolases in Secretory Cells.- V.2.1. Lysosomes and Secretory Processes; the Thyroid Gland.- V.2.2. Hydrolases in the Golgi Apparatus and Secretion Granules.- V.2.3. Melanin.- V.3. Lysosomes in Animal Gametes.- V.3.1. Sperm.- V.3.2. Eggs.- V.4. Closing Comments.- Acknowledgements.