Organic Corrosion Inhibitors
Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications

Provides comprehensive coverage of organic corrosion inhibitors used in modern industrial platforms, including current developments in the design of promising classes of organic corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion is the cause of significant economic and safety-related problems that span across industries and applications, including production and processing operations, transportation and public utilities infrastructure, and oil and gas exploration. The use of organic corrosion inhibitors is a simple and cost-effective method for protecting processes, machinery, and materials while remaining environmentally acceptable. Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications provides up-to-date coverage of all aspects of organic corrosion inhibitors, including their fundamental characteristics, synthesis, characterization, inhibition mechanism, and industrial applications.

Divided into five sections, the text first covers the basics of corrosion and prevention, experimental and computational testing, and the differences between organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The next section describes various heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic corrosion inhibitors, followed by discussion of the corrosion inhibition characteristics of carbohydrates, amino acids, and other organic green corrosion inhibitors. The final two sections examine the corrosion inhibition properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide, and review the application of natural and synthetic polymers as corrosion inhibitors. Featuring contributions by leading researchers and scientists from academia and industry, this authoritative volume:

• Discusses the latest developments and issues in the area of corrosion inhibition, including manufacturing challenges and new industrial applications
• Explores the development and implementation of environmentally-friendly alternatives to traditional toxic corrosion inhibitors
• Covers both established and emerging classes of corrosion inhibitors as well as future research directions
• Describes the anticorrosive mechanisms and effects of acyclic, cyclic, natural, and synthetic corrosion inhibitors

Offering an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, Organic Corrosion Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, Mechanism, and Applications is essential reading for chemists, chemical engineers, researchers, industry professionals, and advanced students working in fields such as corrosion inhibitors, corrosion engineering, materials science, and applied chemistry.

Preface xv

About the Editors xvii

List of Contributors xix

Part I Basics of Corrosion and Prevention 1

1 An Overview of Corrosion 3
Marziya Rizvi

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Basics about Corrosion 3

1.2 Economic and Social Aspect of Corrosion 4

1.3 The Corrosion Mechanism 5

1.3.1 Anodic Reaction 6

1.3.2 Cathodic Reactions 7

1.4 Classification of Corrosion 8

1.4.1 Uniform Corrosion 8

1.4.2 Pitting Corrosion 9

1.4.3 Crevice Corrosion 9

1.4.4 Galvanic Corrosion 9

1.4.5 Intergranular Corrosion 10

1.4.6 Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) 10

1.4.7 Filiform Corrosion 10

1.4.8 Erosion Corrosion 10

1.4.9 Fretting Corrosion 11

1.4.10 Exfoliation 11

1.4.11 Dealloying 11

1.4.12 Corrosion Fatigue 11

1.5 Common Methods of Corrosion Control 11

1.5.1 Materials Selection and Design 12

1.5.2 Coatings 12

1.5.3 Cathodic Protection (CP) 12

1.5.4 Anodic Protection 13

1.5.5 Corrosion Inhibitors 13

1.6 Adsorption Type Corrosion Inhibitors 13

1.6.1 Anodic Inhibitors 14

1.6.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 14

1.6.3 Mixed Inhibitors 14

1.6.4 Green Corrosion Inhibitors 15

References 15

2 Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 19
Sheerin Masroor

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Methods and Discussion 21

2.2.1 Corrosion Monitoring Techniques 21

2.3 Conclusion 33

References 33

3 Computational Methods of Corrosion Monitoring 39
Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi,Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Quantum Chemical (QC) Calculations-Based DFT Method 40

3.2.1 Theoretical Framework 40

3.2.2 Theoretical Application of DFT in Corrosion Inhibition Studies: Design and Chemical Reactivity Prediction of Inhibitors 42

3.2.2.1 HOMO and LUMO Electron Densities 43

3.2.2.2 HOMO and LUMO Energies 43

3.2.2.3 Electronegativity (ɳ), Chemical Potential (μ), Hardness (η), and Softness (σ) Indices 43

3.2.2.4 Electron-Donating Power (ω−) and Electron-Accepting Power (ω+) 44

3.2.2.5 The Fraction of Electrons Transferred (ΔN) 44

3.2.2.6 Fukui Indices (FIs) 45

3.3 Atomistic Simulations 45

3.3.1 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations 46

3.3.1.1 Total Energy Minimization 46

3.3.1.2 Ensemble 47

3.3.1.3 Force Fields 47

3.3.1.4 Periodic Boundary Condition 47

3.3.2 Monte Carlo (MC) Simulations 48

3.3.3 Parameters Derived from MD and MC Simulations of Corrosion Inhibition 48

3.3.3.1 Interaction and Binding Energies 49

3.3.3.2 Radial Distribution Function 50

3.3.3.3 Mean Square Displacement, Diffusion Coefficient, and Fractional Free Volume 50

Acknowledgments 51

Suggested Reading 51

References 51

4 Organıc and Inorganıc Corrosıon Inhıbıtors: A Comparıson 59
Goncagül Serdaroğlu and Savaş Kaya

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 61

4.2.1 Organic Corrosion Inhibitors 61

4.2.1.1 Azoles 62

4.2.1.2 Azepines 63

4.2.1.3 Pyridine and Azines 64

4.2.1.4 Indoles 65

4.2.1.5 Quinolines 66

4.2.1.6 Carboxylic Acid and Biopolymers 67

4.2.1.7 Inorganic Corrosion Inhibitors 68

4.2.1.8 Anodic Inhibitors 69

4.2.1.9 Cathodic Inhibitors 69

References 69

Part II Heterocyclic and Non-Heterocyclic Corrosion Inhibitors 75

5 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Review 77
Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, Eno E. Ebenso,and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

5.1 Introduction 77

5.1.1 Corrosion: Basics and Its Inhibition 77

5.1.2 Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 78

5.1.2.1 1^o-, 2^o-, and 3^o-Aliphatic Amines as Corrosion Inhibitors 79

5.1.2.2 Amides and Thio-Amides as Corrosion Inhibitors 81

5.1.2.3 Schiff Bases as Corrosion Inhibitors 82

5.1.2.4 Amine-Based Drugs and Dyes as Corrosion Inhibitors 85

5.1.2.5 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 88

5.2 Conclusion and Outlook 88

Important Websites 89

References 89

6 Imidazole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 95
Jeenat Aslam, Ruby Aslam, and Chandrabhan Verma

6.1 Introduction 95

6.1.1 Corrosion and Its Economic Impact 95

6.2 Corrosion Mechanism 96

6.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 97

6.4 Corrosion Inhibitors: Imidazole and Its Derivatives 98

6.5 Computational Studies 110

6.6 Conclusions 113

References 113

7 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 123
Chandrabhan Verma, M. A. Quraishi, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

7.1 Introduction 123

7.1.1 Pyridine and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 124

7.1.2 Literature Survey 125

7.1.2.1 Substituted Pyridine as Corrosion Inhibitors 125

7.1.3 Pyridine-Based Schiff Bases (SBs) as Corrosion Inhibitors 129

7.1.4 Quinoline-Based Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors 130

7.2 Summary and Outlook 130

References 140

8 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 149
Chandrabhan Verma and M. A. Quraishi

8.1 Introduction 149

8.2 Quinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 151

8.2.1 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 152

8.2.2 Quinoline Derivatives Other Than 8-hydroxyquinoline as Corrosion Inhibitors 156

8.3 Conclusion and Outlook 160

References 161

9 Indole and Its Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 167
Taiwo W. Quadri, Lukman O. Olasunkanmi, Ekemini D. Akpan, and Eno E. Ebenso

9.1 Introduction 167

9.2 Synthesis of Indoles and Its Derivatives 168

9.3 A Brief Overview of Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 171

9.4 Application of Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors 172

9.4.1 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Ferrous Metals 173

9.4.2 Indoles as Corrosion Inhibitors of Nonferrous Metals 192

9.5 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Indoles 201

9.6 Theoretical Modeling of Indole-Based Chemical Inhibitors 202

9.7 Conclusions and Outlook 205

References 207

10 Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Industry 221
M. A. Quraishi and Dheeraj Singh Chauhan

10.1 Introduction 221

10.2 Corrosion in the Oil–Gas Industry 222

10.2.1 An Overview of Corrosion 222

10.2.2 Corrosion of Steel Structures During Acidizing Treatment 223

10.2.3 Limitations of the Existing Oil and Gas Corrosion Inhibitors 223

10.3 Review of Literature on Environmentally Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors 223

10.3.1 Plant Extracts 223

10.3.2 Environmentally Benign Heterocycles 224

10.3.3 Pharmaceutical Products 226

10.3.4 Amino Acids and Derivatives 228

10.3.5 Macrocyclic Compounds 229

10.3.6 Chemically Modified Biopolymers 229

10.3.7 Chemically Modified Nanomaterials 231

10.4 Conclusions and Outlook 233

References 235

Part III Organic Green Corrosion Inhibitors 241

11 Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 243
Jiyaul Haque and M. A. Quraishi

11.1 Introduction 243

11.2 Glucose- Based Inhibitors 244

11.3 Chitosan- Based Inhibitors 246

11.4 Inhibition Mechanism of Carbohydrate Inhibitor 251

11.5 Conclusions 252

References 252

12 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 255
Saman Zehra and Mohammad Mobin

12.1 Introduction 255

12.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 257

12.3 Why There Is Quest to Explore Green Corrosion Inhibitors? 258

12.4 Amino Acids and Their Derived Compounds: A Better Alternate to the Conventional Toxic Corrosion Inhibitors 261

12.4.1 Amino Acids: A General Introduction 261

12.4.2 A General Mechanistic Aspect of the Applicability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 263

12.4.3 Factors Influencing the Inhibition Ability of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives 264

12.5 Overview of the Applicability of Amino Acid and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors 264

12.5.1 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Copper in Different Corrosive Solution 265

12.5.2 Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitor for the Protection of Aluminium and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 266

12.5.3 For the Protection of Iron and Its Alloys in Different Corrosive Solution 272

12.6 Recent Trends and the Future Considerations 277

12.6.1 Synergistic Combination of Amino Acids with Other Compounds 277

12.6.2 Self-Assembly Monolayers (SAMs) 278

12.6.3 Amino Acid-Based Ionic Liquids 278

12.6.4 Amino Acids as Inhibitors in Smart Functional Coatings 279

12.7 Conclusion 280

Acknowledgments 281

References 281

13 Chemical Medicines as Corrosion Inhibitors 287
Mustafa R. Al-Hadeethi, Hassane Lgaz, Abdelkarim Chaouiki, Rachid Salghi, and Han-Seung Lee

13.1 Introduction 287

13.2 Greener Application and Techniques Toward Synthesis and Development of Corrosion Inhibitors 288

13.2.1 Ultrasound Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis 288

13.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 289

13.2.3 Multicomponent Reactions 289

13.3 Types of Chemical Medicine-Based Corrosion Inhibitors 291

13.3.1 Drugs 291

13.3.2 Expired Drugs 291

13.3.3 Functionalized Drugs 292

13.4 Application of Chemical Medicines in Corrosion Inhibition 292

13.4.1 Drugs 292

13.4.2 Expired Drugs 297

13.4.3 Functionalized Drugs 305

Acknowledgments 306

References 306

14 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 315
Ruby Aslam, Mohammad Mobin, and Jeenat Aslam

14.1 Introduction 315

14.2 Inhibition of Metal Corrosion 316

14.3 Ionic Liquids as Corrosion Inhibitors 317

14.3.1 In Hydrochloric Acid Solution 318

14.3.2 In Sulfuric Acid Solution 322

14.3.3 In NaCl Solution 334

14.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 335

Acknowledgment 336

Abbreviations 336

References 337

15 Oleochemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors 343
F. A. Ansari, Sudheer, Dheeraj Singh Chauhan, and M. A. Quraishi

15.1 Introduction 343

15.2 Corrosion 344

15.2.1 Definition and Economic Impact 344

15.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors 344

15.3 Significance of Green Corrosion Inhibitors 345

15.4 Overview of Oleochemicals 345

15.4.1 Environmental Sustainability of Oleochemicals 345

15.4.2 Production/Recovery of Oleochemicals 346

15.5 Literatures on the Utilization of Oleochemicals as Corrosion Protection 349

15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 365

References 366

Part IV Organic Compounds-Based Nanomaterials as Corrosion Inhibitors 371

16 Carbon Nanotubes as Corrosion Inhibitors 373
Yeestdev Dewangan, Amit Kumar Dewangan, Shobha, and Dakeshwar Kumar Verma

16.1 Introduction 373

16.2 Characteristics, Preparation, and Applications of CNTs 374

16.3 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors 376

16.3.1 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Ferrous Metal and Alloys 376

16.3.2 CNTs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Nonferrous Metal and Alloys 377

16.4 Conclusion 381

Conflict of Interest 381

Acknowledgment 381

Abbreviations 381

References 382

17 Graphene and Graphene Oxides Layers Application as Corrosion Inhibitors in Protective Coatings 387
Renhui Zhang, Lei Guo, Zhongyi He, and Xue Yang

17.1 Introduction 387

17.2 Preparation of Graphene and Graphene Oxides 388

17.2.1 Graphene 388

17.2.2 N-doped Graphene and Its Composites 390

17.2.3 Graphene Oxides 390

17.3 Protective Film and Coating Applications of Graphene 390

17.4 The Organic Molecules Modified Graphene as Corrosion Inhibitor 398

17.5 The Effect of Dispersion of Graphene in Epoxy Coatings on Corrosion Resistance 399

17.6 Challenges of Graphene 404

17.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 404

References 406

Part V Organic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 411

18 Natural Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 413
Marziya Rizvi

18.1 An Overview of Natural Polymers 413

18.2 Mucilage and Gums from Plants 415

18.2.1 Guar Gum 415

18.2.2 Acacia Gum 415

18.2.3 Xanthan Gum 417

18.2.4 Ficus Gum/Fig Gum 417

18.2.5 Daniella oliveri Gum 419

18.2.6 Mucilage from Okra Pods 419

18.2.7 Corn Polysaccharide 419

18.2.8 Mimosa/Mangrove Tannins 420

18.2.9 Raphia Gum 420

18.2.10 Various Butter-Fruit Tree Gums 420

18.2.11 Astragalus/Tragacanth Gum 421

18.2.12 Plantago Gum 421

18.2.13 Cellulose and Its Modifications 421

18.2.13.1 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 422

18.2.13.2 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose 422

18.2.13.3 Hydroxyethyl Cellulose 422

18.2.13.4 Hydroxypropyl Cellulose 423

18.2.13.5 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose 423

18.2.13.6 Ethyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose or EHEC 423

18.2.14 Starch and Its Derivatives 423

18.2.15 Pectin 424

18.2.16 Chitosan 425

18.2.17 Carrageenan 426

18.2.18 Dextrins 427

18.2.19 Alginates 427

18.3 The Future and Application of Natural Polymers in Corrosion Inhibition Studies 429

References 431

19 Synthetic Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 435
Megha Basik and Mohammad Mobin

19.1 Introduction 435

19.2 General Mechanism of Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 437

19.3 Corrosion Inhibitors – Synthetic Polymers 437

19.4 Conclusion 445

Useful Links 447

References 447

20 Epoxy Resins and Their Nanocomposites as Anticorrosive Materials 451
Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Eno E. Ebenso, Chandrabhan Verma,A. El Harfi, and M. El Gouri

20.1 Introduction 451

20.2 Characteristic Properties of Epoxy Resins 452

20.3 Main Commercial Epoxy Resins and Their Syntheses 453

20.3.1 Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (DGEBA) 453

20.3.2 Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins 454

20.3.3 Trifunctional Epoxy Resins 455

20.3.4 Phenol-Novolac Epoxy Resins 456

20.3.5 Epoxy Resins Containing Fluorine 456

20.3.6 Epoxy Resins Containing Phosphorus 457

20.3.7 Epoxy Resins Containing Silicon 458

20.4 Reaction Mechanism of Epoxy/Amine Systems 459

20.5 Applications of Epoxy Resins 461

20.5.1 Epoxy Resins as Aqueous Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 461

20.5.2 Epoxy Resins as Coating Phase Corrosion Inhibitors 466

20.5.3 Composites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 467

20.5.4 Nanocomposites of Epoxy Resins as Corrosion Inhibitors 468

20.6 Conclusion 471

Abbreviations 471

References 472

Index483

Chandrabhan Verma, PhD, is Post-Doctoral Fellow, Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia. He is a member of American Chemical Society (ACS) and is the author of several research and review articles in peer-reviewed international journals.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor, and Director of Chemistry and EVSC Laboratories, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Eno E. Ebenso, PhD, is Full Professor, Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa. Professor Ebenso is the author of more than 450 peer-reviewed journal articles in peer-reviewed journals and is the recipient of several national and international awards for his academic achievements.