Description
Principles of Human Anatomy (15th Ed.)
Authors: Tortora Gerard J., Nielsen Mark
Language: EnglishSubject for Principles of Human Anatomy:
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Description
/li>Contents
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Immerse yourself in the spectacular visuals and dynamic content of Principles of Human Anatomy. Designed for the one-term Human Anatomy course, this textbook raises the standard for excellence in the discipline with its enhanced illustration program, refined narrative, and dynamic resources. Principles of Human Anatomy is a rich digital experience, giving students the ability to learn and explore human anatomy both inside and outside of the classroom.
1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1
1.1 Anatomy Defined 2
1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems 3
1.3 Life Processes 8
1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminology 9
1.5 Body Cavities 14
1.6 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18
1.7 The Human Body and Disease 20
1.8 Aging 20
1.9 Medical Imaging 21
1.10 Measuring the Human Body 24
Chapter Review 25 / Critical Thinking Questions 26 / Answers to Figure Questions 26
2 Cells 27
2.1 A Generalized Cell 28
2.2 The Plasma Membrane 29
2.3 Cytoplasm 35
2.4 Nucleus 44
2.5 Cell Division 47
2.6 Cellular Diversity 54
2.7 Aging and Cells 56
Key Medical Terms Associated with Cells 57 / Chapter Review 58 / Critical Thinking Questions 60 / Answers to Figure Questions 60
3 Tissues 61
3.1 Types of Tissues 62
3.2 Cell Junctions 63
3.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 64
3.4 Epithelial Tissue 65
3.5 Connective Tissue 77
3.6 Membranes 90
3.7 Muscular Tissue 92
3.8 Nervous Tissue 92
3.9 Aging and Tissues 94
Key Medical Terms Associated with Tissues 95 / Chapter Review 95 / Critical Thinking Questions 97 / Answers to Figure Questions 97
4 Development 98
4.1 Principles of Development 99
4.2 Embryonic Period 100
4.3 Fetal Period 117
4.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 120
4.5 Labor 120
Key Medical Terms Associated with Development 122 / Chapter Review 123 / Critical Thinking Questions 124 / Answers to Figure Questions 124
5 The Integumentary System 125
5.1 Structure of the Skin 126
5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 134
5.3 Types of Skin 143
5.4 Functions of the Skin 143
5.5 Development of the Integumentary System 146
5.6 Aging and the Integumentary System 146
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System 148 / Chapter Review 149 / Critical Thinking Questions 150 / Answers to Figure Questions 151
6 Bone Tissue 152
6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 153
6.2 Types of Bones 153
6.3 Anatomy of a Bone 154
6.4 Bone Surface Markings 156
6.5 Histology of Bone Tissue 156
6.6 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 162
6.7 Bone Formation 163
6.8 Fractures 170
6.9 Exercise and Bone Tissue 173
6.10 Aging and Bone Tissue 173
6.11 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 173
Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue 175 / Chapter Review 175 / Critical Thinking Questions 176 / Answers to Figure Questions 177
7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 178
7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 179
7.2 Skull or Cranium 181
7.3 Hyoid Bone 209
7.4 Vertebral Column 209
7.5 Thorax 223
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Axial Skeleton 227 / Chapter Review 228 / Critical Thinking Questions 229 / Answers to Figure Questions 229
8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 230
8.1 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 231
8.2 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 244
8.3 Greater and Lesser Pelves 250
8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 252
8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 252
8.6 Development of the Skeletal System 262
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Appendicular Skeleton 265 / Chapter Review 265 / Critical Thinking Questions 266 / Answers to Figure Questions 266
9 Joints 267
9.1 Joint Classifications 268
9.2 Fibrous Joints 268
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 270
9.4 Synovial Joints 271
9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 274
9.6 Types of Synovial Joints 280
9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 283
9.8 Selected Joints of the Body 284
9.9 Aging and Joints 302
Key Medical Terms Associated with Joints 303 / Chapter Review 304 / Critical Thinking Questions 305 / Answers to Figure Questions 305
10 Muscular Tissue 306
10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 307
10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure 308
10.3 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function 317
10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 325
10.5 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 327
10.6 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 328
10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue 330
10.8 Development of Muscles 332
10.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 334
Key Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue 334 / Chapter Review 334 / Critical Thinking Questions 336 / Answers to Figure Questions 336
11 The Muscular System 337
11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 338
11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 343
11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles 343
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Muscular System 439 / Chapter Review 440 / Critical Thinking Questions 441 / Answers to Figure Questions 441
12 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 443
12.1 Functions of Blood 444
12.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 444
12.3 Components of Blood 445
12.4 Formation of Blood Cells 448
12.5 Red Blood Cells 450
12.6 White Blood Cells 454
12.7 Platelets 457
12.8 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 460
Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood 460 / Chapter Review 461 / Critical Thinking Questions 462 / Answers to Figure Questions 462
13 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 463
13.1 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 464
13.2 Structure and Function of the Heart 466
13.3 Circulation of Blood 477
13.4 Cardiac Conduction System and Innervation 480
13.5 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 483
13.6 Heart Sounds 484
13.7 Exercise and the Heart 485
13.8 Development of the Heart 489
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Heart 491 / Chapter Review 492 / Critical Thinking Questions 493 / Answers to Figure Questions 493
14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels 494
14.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 495
14.2 Circulatory Routes—Systemic Circulation 504
14.3 Circulatory Routes—Hepatic Portal Circulation 548
14.4 Circulatory Routes—Pulmonary Circulation 549
14.5 Circulatory Routes—Fetal Circulation 550
14.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 554
14.7 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 554
Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood vessels 556 / Chapter Review 557 / Critical Thinking Questions 558 / Answers to Figure Questions 558
15 The Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System and Immunity 559
15.1 The Concept of Immunity 560
15.2 Lymphoid (Lymphatic) System Structure and Functions 560
15.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 563
15.4 Lymphoid Organs and Tissues 566
15.5 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 573
15.6 Development of Lymphoid Tissues 584
15.7 Aging and the Lymphoid System 584
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphoid System and Immunity 586 / Chapter Review 587 / Critical Thinking Questions 588 / Answers to Figure Questions 588
16 Nervous Tissue 589
16.1 Overview of the Nervous System 590
16.2 Histology and Functions of Neurons 592
16.3 Histology and Function of Neuroglia 598
16.4 Neural Circuits 603
16.5 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 604
Key Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue 605 / Chapter Review 605 / Critical Thinking Questions 606 / Answers to Figure Questions 607
17 The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 608
17.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 609
17.2 Spinal Nerves 615
17.3 Spinal Cord Functions 633
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 636 / Chapter Review 637 / Critical Thinking Questions 637 / Answers to Figure Questions 638
18 The Brain and the Cranial Nerves 639
18.1 Development and General Structure of the Brain 640
18.2 Protection and Blood Supply 641
18.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 649
18.4 The Cerebellum 655
18.5 The Diencephalon 657
18.6 The Cerebrum 661
18.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 667
18.8 Aging and the Nervous System 673
18.9 Cranial Nerves 673
Brain and the Cranial Nerves 690 / Chapter Review 691 / Critical Thinking Questions 693 / Answers to Figure Questions 693
19 The Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 694
19.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Division of the Peripheral Nervous Systems 695
19.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathway 697
19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Part 701
19.4 Structure of the Parasympathetic Part 706
19.5 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 709
19.6 Functions of the ANS 711
19.7 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 714
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous Division 715 / Chapter Review 716 / Critical Thinking Questions 717 / Answers to Figure Questions 717
20 Somatic Senses and Motor Control 718
20.1 Overview of Sensations 719
20.2 Somatic Sensations 721
20.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 727
20.4 Somatic Motor Pathways 731
20.5 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 737
Key Medical Terms Associated with Somatic Senses and Motor Control 737 / Chapter Review 738 / Critical Thinking Questions 739 / Answers to Figure Questions 739
21 Special Senses 740
21.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 741
21.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 743
21.3 Vision 746
21.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 757
21.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears 773
21.6 Aging and the Special Senses 775
Key Medical Terms Associated with Special Senses 776 / Chapter Review 776 / Critical Thinking Questions 777 / Answers to Figure Questions 778
22 The Endocrine System 779
22.1 Endocrine Glands Defined 780
22.2 Hormones 780
22.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 782
22.4 Pineal Gland and Thymus 788
22.5 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 788
22.6 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands 792
22.7 Pancreas 795
22.8 Ovaries and Testes 798
22.9 Other Endocrine Tissues 799
22.10 Development of the Endocrine System 800
22.11 Aging and the Endocrine System 801
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Endocrine System 802 / Chapter Review 802 / Critical Thinking Questions 804 / Answers to Figure Questions 804
23 The Respiratory System 805
23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy 806
23.2 Upper Respiratory System Anatomy 806
23.3 Lower Respiratory System Anatomy 811
23.4 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 831
23.5 Regulation of Breathing 834
23.6 Exercise and the Respiratory System 837
23.7 Development of the Respiratory System 838
23.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 839
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System 840 / Chapter Review 840 / Critical Thinking Questions 841 / Answers to Figure Questions 841
24 The Digestive System 843
24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 844
24.2 Layers of the Digestive Canal 845
24.3 Peritoneum 847
24.4 Mouth 850
24.5 Pharynx 857
24.6 Esophagus 857
24.7 Stomach 860
24.8 Pancreas 865
24.9 Liver and Gallbladder 867
24.10 Small Intestine 873
24.11 Large Intestine 883
24.12 Development of the Digestive System 888
24.13 Aging and the Digestive System 889
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System 890 / Chapter Review 891 / Critical Thinking Questions 892 / Answers to Figure Questions 893
25 The Urinary System 894
25.1 Overview of the Urinary System 895
25.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 896
25.3 The Nephron 901
25.4 Functions of Nephrons 907
25.5 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 911
25.6 Development of the Urinary System 918
25.7 Aging and the Urinary System 919
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System 919 / Chapter Review 920 / Critical Thinking Questions 921 / Answers to Figure Questions 921
26 The Genital (Reproductive) Systems 922
26.1 Male Genital (Reproductive) System 923
26.2 Female Genital (Reproductive) System 937
26.3 Female Reproductive Cycle 957
26.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 960
26.5 Development of the Genital Systems 965
26.6 Aging and the Genital Systems 965
Key Medical Terms Associated with the Genital Systems 968 / Chapter Review 969 / Critical Thinking Questions 970 / Answers to Figure Questions 971
27 Surface Anatomy 972
27.1 Overview of Surface Anatomy 973
Chapter Review 997 / Critical Thinking Questions 997 / Answers to Figure Questions 998
Appendix A Measurements A-1
Appendix B Answers B-3
Glossary G-1
Index I-1