Wearable Antennas and Body Centric Communication, 1st ed. 2021 Present and Future Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Series, Vol. 787

1.                  Introduction

            1.1       Wireless Body Centric Communication

            1.2       The Wireless Body Area Network  

1.4       State of the Art Technologies

                        1.4.1 ISM Band 2.4 GHz

                         1.4.3 0.3-10 THz

1.5         Applications

1.6        Scope of the Book

References

2.                  On-Body Radio Wave Propagation

            2.1       Introduction

            2.2       Wearable Antenna Requirements

                        2.2.1    Design Strategy and Fabrication Methodologies

                        2.2.2    Simulation Based Approach- Performance Analysis

                        2.2.4    Indoor Environment Measurements

            2.3       Wearable Antenna Radiation Pattern Variation

                        2.3.1    Influence of Antenna Location on the Body

                        2.3.2    Effect of Different Postures and Limb Movements

            2.4       Channel Modeling

            2.5       Statistical On-Body Measurement Results

                        2.5.2    mmWave 60 GHz

            2.6       Dynamic On-Body Communication Channels

            2.7       Applications

            2.6       Conclusion

                        References

3.         Indoor OFF-Body and Body-to-Body Communication-UWB and mmWave Technologies

            3.2       The Indoor Propagation Environment

            3.3       Indoor Environment Influence on Body-Centric Channels

            3.3.1    Anechoic Chamber

            3.3.2    Indoor Environment

             3.4       Wearable Communication Channel Links

            3.4.1    Potential Placement of Wearable Links

            3.4.2    mmWave- 60GHz

            3.5       Channel Characterization And Modeling

            3.5.1    UWB 3-10 GHz

                        3.5.1.1 Large Scale Fading

                        3.5.1.2 Small Scale Fading

            3.5.2    mmWave-60GHz

                        3.5.2.1 Large Scale Fading

                        3.5.2.2 Small Scale Fading

                        References

4.         Flexible Wearable Technologies-Design and Fabrication

            4.1       Introduction

            4.2       Flexible Materials for Wearable Antennas

                        4.2.2    Paper and Kapton Based Antennas

                        4.2.3    Novel materials for Textile Antennas

            4.3       Fabrication Techniques and Procedures

            4.4       Antenna Design Strategies and Performance Evaluation

                        4.4.1    Antenna Design Requirements

                        4.4.2    Simulation Based Study and Analysis

            4.5       Characterization and Body-Centric Measurements

                        4.5.1    Performance on Human Body

                        4.5.2    Deformation Effects

                        4.5.3    Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

            4.6       Current and Future Applications

            4.7       Conclusion

5.         Implantable Antennas for WBAN’s

            5.1       Introduction

                        5.2.1    Numerical Tissue Phantom

                                    5.2.1.2 EM Wave Propagation Aspects

                        5.2.2    Simulation Scenarios

                                    5.2.3.1 3-10 GHz UWB

                                    5.2.3.2 mmWave 60GHz

            5.3       Antenna Structures and Performance

                        5.3.1    Design Aspects

                        5.3.3    Performance Analysis

            5.4       Channel Modelling and Communication Link Analysis

5.4.1    In Vitro Measurements

5.4.2    In Vivo Measurements

            5.5       Biocompatibility Issues and Safety Considerations

            5.6       Conclusion

                        References

6.         Indoor Localization and Tracking

            6.1       Introduction

                        6.2.1    Experimental Set-up

                        6.2.2    Channel Parameter Based Localization Algorithm

            6.3       Human Body Localization

                        6.3.1    TDOA/TOA Data Fusion Algorithm

                        6.3.2    RSS-Based Location Estimation Approach

                        6.3.2    Angle of Arrival and DOA Techniques

                        6.4.1    GDOP Analysis

                        6.4.2    Influence of Base Station Configuration and Localization Accuracy

            6.5       Channel Classification and Analysis-Experimental Investigations

                        6.5.1    Path Loss Analysis

                        6.5.2    RMS Delay Spread

                        6.5.3    Multipath Components Estimation

            6.7       Comparison with Optical Based Motion Capture System

            6.8       Human Subject Detection in Indoor Environments

            6.9       Conclusion

                        References

7.         Monitoring and Assessment of Physical Activities

         7.1       Introduction

         7.2       Importance of Activity Monitoring in Healthcare Domain

         7.3       Current Trends and Technologies

7.3.1    ISM Band 2.4 GHz

7.3.2    UWB and mmWave Bands

7.3.3    Sensor Based Activity Monitoring

         7.4       Methodology

7.4.1    Measurement Set up

7.4.2    Algorithm for Activity Assessment

         7.5       Activity Recognition and Monitoring

                     7.5.1    Upper Limb Activities

                     7.5.2    Lower Limb Activities

         7.6       Activity Monitoring Accuracy

7.6.1    Accuracy in Monitoring Process

7.6.3    Precision and Complexity Analysis

         7.8       Conclusion     

                     References

8.         Wearable Antennas for Vital Sign Monitoring

         8.1       Introduction

         8.2       Non-invasive Methods for Vital Sign Monitoring

8.2.1    Antenna Types and Design Strategies

8.2.2    Non-contact UWB and mmWave Systems

8.2.3    Techniques and System Requirements

            8.2.3.1 IR-UWB Radar

            8.2.3.2 mmWave System

         8.3       Breath Activity Monitoring

         8.4       Heart Beat Monitoring

         8.5       Accuracy and Performance Evaluation of Vital Sign Monitoring

         8.6       Conclusion

  References

9.            UWB and mmWave Technologies for Medical Imaging Applications

         9.1       Introduction

         9.2       Imaging Principal and Techniques

9.2.1        Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Imaging

9.2.2        Through-Wall Radar Imaging  

9.3       Antenna Design Considerations

         9.4       Methods of Phantom Preparation

         9.5       Medical Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection

         9.6       Image Processing and Reconstruction Algorithms

         9.7       Conclusion

                     References

10.       Future Aspects

         10.1     IOT for Smart Living and Healthcare

10.1.1  Smart Solutions for Remote Monitoring

10.1.2  Telehealth and Telesurgery

10.1.3  Emergency Notification System

         10.2     Advance Materials for Wearable Antenna Design

10.2.1  Graphene and Nano-particle Based Antennas

10.2.2  3D Printing Based Antennas

10.2.3  Novel Electro-Textile and Materials

10.2.4  Meta-materials and Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structures

10.2.5  Implantable and Epidermal Antennas

         10.3     Machine Learning for Improved Well-Being

             10.3.1 Classification Algorithms

10.3.2  Diagnostics and Prevention

10.3.3  Assessment and Prediction

10.3.4  Accuracy Enhancement

10.3.5  Applications

         10.4     Miniaturization and Performance Enhancement of Wearable Antenna 

References