Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Volume 4

This is the fourth volume in the series "Advances in Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion" initiated to consolidate information and provide commentary on certain recent research aspects dealing with this important topic. Its predecessor Volumes 1, 2 and 3 were published in 2013, 2015 and 2018 respectively.

This new book comprising 14 research and review articles is divided into four parts: Part 1: Contact Angle and Wettability Aspects;

Part 2: Surface Free Energy and Surface Tension Determination; Part 3: Applied Aspects. The topics covered include:

• Contact Angle Determination of Talc Powders from Heat of Immersion
• Surface Wetting at Macro and Nanoscale
• Wettability of Wood Surfaces with Waterborne Acrylic Lacquer Stains Modulated by DBD Plasma Treatment in Air at Atmospheric Pressure
• Wettability of Ultrafiltration Membranes     
• Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Solid Surfaces: Can the Best Model be Found
• Surface Free Energy Characterization of Talc Powders
• Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Skin and the Factors Affecting it by the Contact Angle Method
• Determination of Surface Tension Components of Aqueous Solutions using Fomblin HC/25 R Perfluoropolyether Liquid Film as a Solid Substrate
• Enhancing the Wettability of Polybenzimidazole (PBI) to Improve Fuel Cell Performance
• Evaluation of Sebum Resistance for Long-Wear Face Make-Up Products Using Contact Angle Measurements
• Contact Angle Hysteresis of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives due to Adhesion Tension Relaxation
• The Potential of Surface Nano-Engineering and Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Drag Reduction
• Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials for Enhanced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth
• Sisal-Green Resin Interfaces in Green Composites.

Preface xiii

1 Contact Angle Determination of Talc Powders from Heat of Immersion 1
Ismail Yildirim and Roe-Hoan Yoon

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Theoretical Background 3

1.3 Experimental 5

1.3.1 Materials 5

1.3.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedures 6

1.4 Results and Discussion 7

1.5 Summary 15

References 15

2 Surface Wetting at Macro and Nanoscale 17
Meenakshi Annamalai, Saurav Prakash, Siddhartha Ghosh, Abhijeet Patra and T. Venkatesan

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Intrinsic Wetting Properties of REOs 20

2.3 Nanoscale Approach to Measuring Wettability 25

2.4 On the Nature of Wettability of van der Waals Heterostructures 28

2.5 Summary 33

References 34

3 Wettability of Wood Surfaces with Waterborne Acrylic Lacquer Stains Modulated by DBD Plasma Treatment in Air at Atmospheric Pressure 41
Jure Žigon, Marko Petrič and Sebastian Dahle

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Materials and Methods 43

3.2.1 Materials 43

3.2.2 Plasma Treatment 43

3.2.3 Contact Angle (CA) Measurements and Surface Free Energy (SFE) Determination 44

3.2.4 Spreading Area Determination 45

3.2.5 Application of Coatings on Sample Surfaces 45

3.2.6 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) Spectroscopy 46

3.2.7 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy 46

3.2.8 Pull-Off Adhesion Strength of the Coatings 46

3.2.9 Cross-Cut Test 46

3.3 Results and Discussion 47

3.3.1 Contact Angles and Surface Free Energy 47

3.3.2 Spreading of Colored Water Droplets on Untreated and Plasma Treated Wood Surfaces 47

3.3.3 Surface Roughness 50

3.3.4 Contact Angles of Primer and Topcoat 50

3.3.5 Adhesion Strength Determined by the Pull-Off Test Method 52

3.3.6 The Results of the Cross-Cut Tests 53

3.4 Summary and Conclusions 53

Acknowledgements 54

References 54

4 Wettability of Ultrafiltration Membranes 57
Konrad Terpiłowski, Małgorzata Bielska, Krystyna Prochaska and Emil Chibowski

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 Apparent Surface Free Energy Determination 58

4.2.1 Contact Angle Hysteresis Approach 59

4.2.2 Neumann Equation-of-State Approach 59

4.2.3 Equilibrium Contact Angle Approach 59

4.2.4 van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Approach 60

4.3 Experimental 60

4.3.1 Materials 60

4.3.2 Methods 61

4.4 Results and Discussion 61

4.4.1 Surface Topography 61

4.4.2 Contact Angle Measurements 65

4.5 Conclusions 70

References 71

5 Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Solid Surfaces: Can the Best Model be Found 73
Frank M. Etzler

5.1 Introduction 74

5.1.1 Zisman Critical Surface Tension 74

5.1.2 Neumann’s Method 75

5.1.3 van Oss, Chaudhury and Good Approach 77

5.1.4 Chen and Chang Model 80

5.2 The Present Study 82

5.2.1 Statistical Methods 82

5.2.2 Dalal’s Data 85

5.3 Data Analysis 86

5.3.1 Fittting of PVC Data 86

5.3.2 Fitting of PMMA Data 88

5.3.3 Assessing Which Model is Best 92

5.4 Summary and Conclusions 95

References 96

6 Surface Free Energy Characterization of Talc Particles 99
Ismail Yildirim and Roe-Hoan Yoon

6.1 Introduction 99

6.2 Theoretical Background 100

6.2.1 vOCG Equation 100

6.2.2 Contact Angle Measurements 102

6.3 Experimental 104

6.3.1 Talc Samples 104

6.3.2 Liquids 104

6.3.3 Capillary Rise Method 104

6.3.4 Thin Layer Wicking Method 105

6.3.5 Heat of Immersion Method 105

6.4 Results and Discussion 106

6.4.1 Heat of Immersion 106

6.4.2 Contact Angles 107

6.4.3 Talc Surface Free Energy and Its Components 110

6.5 Summary and Conclusions 112

References 113

7 Determination of the Surface Free Energy of Skin and the Factors Affecting it by the Contact Angle Method 115
Davide Rossi and Antonio Bettero

7.1 Introduction 116

7.2 Experimental 118

7.2.1 Method for Preparation of Ex Vivo Skin 120

7.2.2 Preparation of Liposomal Dispersion by the Bettero/Gazzaniga Method 120

7.2.3 Preparation of Test Liquids for the Surface Free Energy Analysis of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Skin 120

7.2.4 Determination of SFE of In Vivo and Ex Vivo Skin using the SFECA Method 121

7.2.5 Evaluation of the Epidermic Hydration State by Corneometric Approach 123

7.2.6 Determination of the Epidermic Hydration State by the SFECA Method 123

7.2.7 Correlation Analyses and Mathematical Means 125

7.3 Results and Discussion 125

7.3.1 Determination of the SFE of Ex Vivo Skin by the SFECA Method 126

7.3.1.1 Comparison between Surface Free Energy and Corneometric Data for the In Vivo Skin Hydration State Evaluation 129

7.3.1.2 Determination of the Hydration State of In Vivo Skin 130

7.3.2 Characterization of SFE, DC and PC of In Vivo Skin by the SFECA Method 132

7.3.3 Determination of SFE_SKIN and Applicability of TVS Skin Test by the SFECA Method 135

7.4 Summary and Conclusions 139

Acknowledgments 141

References 141

8 Determination of Surface Tension Components of Aqueous Solutions Using Fomblin HC/25^® Perfluoropolyether Liquid Film as a Solid Substrate 145
D. Rossi, S. Rossi and N. Realdon

8.1 Introduction 146

8.2 Materials Used 151

8.3 Fomblin HC-25^® Perfluoropolyether Liquid Film Preparation (Solid-Like Methodology) 153

8.4 Determination of Surface Free Energy (SFE) 153

8.4.1 Determination of Surface Free Energy (SFE) of PermaFoam 154

8.4.2 Determination of Surface Tension (ST) of MilliQ Water 155

8.4.3 Determination of Surface Tension (ST) of Aqueous Solutions in DW 158

8.4.3.1 Sodium Chloride Solutions 160

8.4.3.2 Glycerol Solutions 162

8.4.3.3 Sucrose Solutions 163

8.4.3.4 Ternary Sugar Solutions 167

8.5 Analysis of Correlations 170

8.6 Summary and Conclusions 171

8.7 Acknowledgements 174

List of Abbreviations 174

References 175

9 Enhancing the Wettability of Polybenzimidazole (PBI) to Improve Fuel Cell Performance 179
Katerine Vega, Matthew Cocca, Han Le, Marc Toro, Anthony Garcia, Andrew Fleischer, Alla Bailey, Joel Shertok, Michael Mehan, Surendra K. Gupta and Gerald A. Takacs

9.1 Introduction 180

9.2 Experimental 181

9.2.1 Materials 181

9.2.2 Production of O Atoms 181

9.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 181

9.2.4 Contact Angle Goniometry 182

9.2.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 182

9.2.6 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 182

9.3 Results and Discussion 183

9.3.1 XPS Analysis 183

9.3.1.1 XPS Quantitative Analyses and Contact Angle Measurements 183

9.3.1.2 XPS Chemical State Analysis 184

9.3.2 Surface Topography of PBI Treated with O Atoms 185

9.3.3 TGA Analysis of PBI Samples Treated with O Atoms and Doped with H₃PO₄ 186

9.4 Discussion 188

9.5 Conclusions 189

Acknowledgments 189

References 190

10 Evaluation of Sebum Resistance for Long-Wear Face Make-Up Products Using Contact Angle Measurements 193
Hy Si Bui, Mariko Hasebe and Jody Ebanks

10.1 Introduction 193

10.1.1 Long-Wear Foundation 193

10.1.2 Wetting and Spreading 195

10.2 Experiments 196

10.2.1 Foundation Samples and Bio Skin Plate 196

10.2.2 Rheology of Foundation Samples 196

10.2.3 Surface Roughness 197

10.2.4 Contact Angle Measurements 197

10.3 Results and Discussion 198

10.3.1 Rheology of Foundation Samples 198

10.3.2 Surface Roughness 200

10.3.3 Surface Free Energy of Bio Skin Substrate and Foundation Films 203

10.4 Contact Angles of Foundations with Water 207

10.5 Contact Angles of Foundations with Sebum 209

10.6 Effect of Sebum on Color Transfer and Film Integrity 214

10.7 Summary and Prospects 215

Acknowledgements 217

References 217

11 Contact Angle Hysteresis of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives due to Adhesion Tension Relaxation 223
Naoto Shiomura, Takashi Sekine and Dehua Yang

11.1 Introduction 223

11.2 Theoretical Background 224

11.3 Experimental 228

11.3.1 Preparation of Samples and Experimental Conditions 228

11.3.2 Static Contact Angle Measurement 228

11.3.3 Surface Free Energy (SFE) Analysis 228

11.3.4 Dynamic Contact Angle as a Function of Time 229

11.3.5 Dynamic Contact Angle Hysteresis with the Wilhelmy Plate Method 229

11.3.6 Adhesion Tension Relaxation (ATR) 229

11.3.7 Peel Force Measurement 230

11.4 Results and Discussion 230

11.4.1 Static Contact Angles and SFE Analysis 230

11.4.2 Dynamic Contact Angle as a Function of Time 232

11.4.3 Dynamic Contact Angle Hysteresis 232

11.4.4 Adhesion Tension Relaxation (ATR) 233

11.4.5 Peel Force 235

11.5 Conclusion 236

References 237

12 The Potential of Surface Nano-Engineering and Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Drag Reduction 239
Ali Shahsavari, Amir Nejat and Seyed Farshid Chini

Nomenclature 240

Greek Letters 240

Subscripts 241

Superscript 241

12.1 Introduction 241

12.2 Parameters Affecting the Slip Length 246

12.3 Slip Length Measurement on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 249

12.4 Drag Reduction of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 250

12.4.1 Wettability Parameters 250

12.4.2 Reynolds Number and Shear Rate 251

12.4.2.1 Turbulent Structure 251

12.5 Effect of Superhydrophobicity on External Flow 252

12.5.1 Flat Plate 253

12.5.2 Bluff Body 253

12.5.3 Superhydrophobic Streamline Body 254

12.5.4 Partial Superhydrophobicity of NACA 0012 Hydrofoil 255

12.6 Conclusion 258

References 258

13 Laser Surface Engineering of Polymeric Materials for Enhanced Mesenchymal Stem Cell Adhesion and Growth 267
D.G. Waugh, D. Cosgrove, I. Hussain and J. Lawrence

13.1 Introduction 268

13.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 269

13.3 Poly(ether ether ketone) 273

13.4 Laser Surface Engineering 274

13.4.1 Laser-Induced Surface Patterning 275

13.4.2 Pulsed Laser Deposition of Polymeric Biomaterials 276

13.4.3 Laser-Induced Surface Chemistry Modification 277

13.5 CO₂ Laser Surface Engineering of Poly(ether ether ketone) 277

13.5.1 Material Selection and Laser Surface Engineering 278

13.5.2 Surface Roughness, Topography and Wettability Characteristics Analysis 280

13.5.3 Surface Chemical Properties 281

13.5.4 In Vitro Cell Experimentation 282

13.6 Effects of CO₂ Laser Surface Engineering on Surface Parameters of Poly(ether ether ketone) 283

13.7 Effects of CO₂ Laser Surface Engineering on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response to Poly(ether ether ketone) 285

13.8 Poly(ether ether ketone) and other Polymers as Bio-Composite Materials 286

13.9 Summary 290

References 290

14 Sisal-Green Resin Interfaces in Green Composites 299
A. N. Netravali

14.1 Introduction 299

14.2 Sustainable ‘Green’ Composites 301

14.3 Sisal Fiber Composites 302

14.4 Fiber/Resin Interface 303

14.4.1 Sisal/Green Resin Interface Strength 305

14.5 Modification of Cellulosic Fibers for Enhancing Fiber/Resin Interfacial Bonding 307

14.6 Summary 311

References 312

Index 319

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993. Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Skodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives.