Biomechanics: Current Interdisciplinary Research, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1985
Selected proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the European Society of Biomechanics in collaboration with the European Society of Biomaterials, September 24-26, 1984, Davos, Switzerland
Developments in Biomechanics Series, Vol. 2

The papers presented at the Fourth 'Meeting of the European Society of Biomechanics, held in collaboration with the European Society for Biomaterials in late September 1984 in Davos, Switzerland, are published herewith. The main idea of the meeting was to gather together the many disciplines of researchers and clinicians active and interested in promoting biomechanical knowledge in one interdisciplinary society: the European Society of Biomechanics. We feel that the dialog across the disciplines is one of the important goals of the society, a goal which can be furthered by meetings like the one in Davos. A surgeon, whether a general, trauma or orthopaedic surgeon, is normally brought up without relevant exposure to spe­ cific technical problems. It therefore is not surprising that he speaks a different language with respect to mechanical problems than an engineer. Although a surgeon often has a feeling for what the solution to a particular problem might be, a fruitful inter­ disciplinary collaboration is made difficult by this scientific language barrier. On the other hand, a physicist, chemist, engi­ neer and metallurgist, to name a few, would do well with a realistic perception of the possibilities and limitations of surgery and of the relevance of a solution found to the initial question. Similar problems exist in other areas, e. g. in the field of sports biomechanics in the dialogue betweeen coach and researcher. Interdisciplinary misunderstandings have led to quite some unaeces£ary frustration in the past.

A. Invited Lectures.- 1. Research management in biomechanics.- 2. Dynamics of the musculoskeletal system.- 3. Muscular activity and surface EMG.- 4. Periodontal biomechanics.- 5. Issues in sports biomechanics.- 6. Potential applications of carbon-carbon composite materials for total joint replacement.- 7. Functional adaptation and homeostasis of bone, tendons and ligaments.- 3. Pressure distribution underneath the human foot.- 9. Biomaterial and biomechanical considerations in the development of composites for the restoration of posterior teeth.- B. Biomaterials.- 10. Evaluation of tissue tolerance to carbon-silicon carbide, alumina and PTFE-grafted polyethylene particles.- 11. Biocompatibility of implant materials: cell culture assay.- 12. Bone replacement by hydroxyapatite and betatricalcium-phosphate in rats — an alternative method to demineralized bone powder.- 13. The ring-on-disc method — clinical significance of a wear-screening test of biomaterials for hip joint alloplasty.- 14. Cement-free fixation of cup-prosthesis with glass ceramic coating in dogs.- 15. Load pattern controlled osseo integration of Al2O3-ceramic hip sockets and stepped stems of a vanadium-free titanium alloy.- 16. Fracture of acrylic composite bone cement.- 17. Shot peening as surface treatment for bone fixation plates.- 18. Comparative properties of carbon reinforced carbon and stainless steel plates in bending, torsion and fatigue.- C. Biomechanics of Hard and Soft Tissues.- 19. Global mechanical properties of trabecular bone: experimental determination and prediction from a structural model.- 20. Relationship between mechanical properties and distribution of lamellae in the human femoral shaft.- 21. The estimation of inter-osteonal mechanical properties from a composite model for Haversian bone.- 22. Orientation and age-related dependence of the fracture toughness of cortical bone.- 23. Bone loss after internal fixation using plates, determination in humans using computed tomography.- 24. Bone loss in plated shaft bone — a parametric study.- 25. Mechanical stresses in the distal humerus and the clinical significance.- 26. Fracture site motion and infection.- 27. Bone remodeling — what are the parameters?.- 28. Computer simulation of interarticular fluid flow.- 29. Experimental and theoretical compression studies on porcine skin.- 30. Quantitative estimate of the variances of the viscoelastic properties upon physiotherapeutic treatment of skin auto transplants of patients with thermal trauma.- D. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Biomechanics.- 31. The influence of a small stenosis in the carotid artery bulb on adjacent axial velocity profiles.- 32. Age-related changes in viscoelasticity of normal and arteriosclerotic human aortas.- 33. Elastic properties of blood vessels in simple elongation.- 34. A non-linear, viscoelastic, axisymmetric, two-phase finite element model of the passive left-ventricle.- 35. Structural identification of the lung-thorax system.- E. Dental Biomechanics.- 36. Dental implants with flexible inserts — a possibility to improve the stress distribution in the jaw.- 37. Strength behaviour of two composite dental filling materials under cyclic loading conditions.- 38. The characteristics of asymetrically disposed orthodontic retraction loops.- 39. Computer-aided automatic production of dental restorations.- F. Dynamics of the Musculoskeletal System.- 40. Screw theory and its applications to joint motion analysis.- 41. On the application of a smoothing procedure in the kinematical study of the human wrist joint in-vitro.- 42. The reproducibility of passive human knee-joint motion characteristics.- 43. Dynamic modeling of human articulating joints.- 44. The developmental relationship between a joint torque and its mass distribution in boys, five to sixteen years.- 45. Effects of specific muscle power increasing upon patients with metatarsal alterations: an objective analysis.- 46. Vectograms to evaluate injuries of the menisci.- 47. A structural model of the human foot.- 48. Three dimensional structural analysis of the locomotor system.- G. Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Joint Prostheses.- 49. Evaluation of stresses in ceramic hip-joint heads.- 50. On the loosening of the ICLH double cup hip prosthesis.- 51. Biomechanical evaluation of a high incidence of acetabular cup fracture after total hip replacement.- 52. Strain distribution in the proximal femur after cementless implantation of hip replacements.- 53- X-ray picture based computer follow-up of patients with GSB knee prostheses.- 54. Finite element study of the anchorage system of the GSB tibial prosthesis.- H. Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Joints.- 55. Accuracy analysis of a clinical measurement system for ap-laxity in the human knee joint.- 56. Anterior-posterior knee instability and stress radiography, a prospective biomechanical analysis with the knee in extension.- 57. Experimental determination of the mechanical properties of knee ligaments.- 58. Passive resistance of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.- 59. Kinematics of the patellofemoral joint.- 60. Biomechanical studies on the talofibular ligaments as rotatory stabilizers of the lateral malleolus.- 61. Contact finite element stress analysis of the hip joint and the acetabular region.- I. Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Mechanics of Implants.- 62. Biomeehanical investigations on the new 3.5 mm ASIF cortical screw.- 63. Application of strain gage augmented screws for evaluation of long bone internal fixation.- 64. Finite element models of implants in bone: interfacial assumptions.- 65. Initial load distribution in internal fixation plates — an in vitro study.- 66. Influence of unoccupied holes on the fatigue behaviour of bone fixation plates.- 67. Geometric fit of the intramedullary nail to the bone cavity.- 68. Biomechanical properties and first clinical results of a newly designed intramedullary fixation device.- 69. Biomechanics of fracture fixation by plastic rods with transverse screws.- 70. A finite element study of the failures of AO/ASIF intramedullary nails.- 71. Locked intramedullary nailing, improvement of mechanical properties.- J. Orthopaedics Biomechanics: Spine and External Fixation.- 72. Stability of the spine.- 73. Mechanical properties of a new device for internal fixation of spine fractures: the “fixateur interne”.- 74. In vivo measurement of load on Harrington distraction rods in sheep spines with and without fusion.- 75. Is spondylolysis likely to occur in normal spine?.- 76. On the initiation of spondylolysis through mechanical factors.- 77. Variables altering the mechanical characteristics of fixator frames.- 78. New concepts in external fixation of the lower leg — a biomechanical study.- K. Rehabilitation Biomechanics.- 79. The gait of children with spastic diplegia — practical importance of higher frequency resolution in kinematic and kinetic measurements.- 80. Gait parameters of hemiplegic and normal subjects.- 81. Method for determining the parameters of gait correction in hemiplegic patients by applying electrical stimulators.- 82. Biomechanical diagnosis and rehabilitation control of pes equinus patients by computerized motion analysis.- 83. An ankle-foot orthosis for dynamic alteration of varus/valgus knee moments.- 84. Biomechanical analysis of limb loads in aided gait using elbow crutches.- 85. Prosthetic knee joint with electronic control.- 86. The suitability of the isokinetic dynamometer CYBEX II to obtain normative data on hip abductor weakness.- L. Muscle Physiology.- 87. Application of differentiated EMG in the evaluation of force-length characteristics of elbow flexors.- 88. Measurement of joint forces in the human knee by quantification of EMG-signals.- 89. An approach to estimate muscle force in dynamics using surface EMG.- 90. The effect of muscle length on force-time integral in relation to energy-rich phosphate consumption.- 91. Electromyography in back research — assessment of static and dynamic conditions.- 92. The dynamics of Hill’s muscle model — considerations and applications.- 93. Tendon series elasticity in triceps surae muscles of mammalians.- 94. Isometric comparison at optimum length of morphology of the medial belly of rat m. gastrocnemius in the relaxed and contracted state.- 95. Dissipation of mechanical energy in muscles.- 96. Influence of stiffness and damping on muscular performance.- M. Sports Biomechanics.- 97. Application of a piezoelectric polymer in gait analysis to measure the loads on selected foot areas.- 98. Cushioning during running — material tests contra subject test.- 99. Influence of shoe construction on the supination during sidewards movement in tennis shoes.- 100. Forces and torques during sports activities with high accelerations.- 101. Mechanical load on the achilles tendon during rapid dynamic sport movements.- 102. Plantar flexion torques in jumping and in isokinetic plantar flexion, a comparison.- 103. The energetic cost for human running and walking and the problem of hominization.- 104. Dynamic loads on the trunk during a throwing activity.- 105. Investigation of the Hay-technique of the high jump by computer simulation.- 106. Peripheral EMG control of handpaddle influence on swimming movements.- 107. Considerations of the butterfly kick based on hydrodynamical experiments.- 108. The mechanics of the roller ski and its influence on technique in cross country skiing.- 109. The significance of the triceps surae muscle action as a determinant in the biomechanical genesis of ski fall injuries.- N. Miscellaneous Subjects.- 110. Advances in photoelasticity applied to biomechanical problems.- 111. In vivo tendon load and tendon strain in the horse.- 112. Kinematic and kinetic factors of the loading work in aircraft luggage compartments.- 113. The interactions of muscular and passive elastic forces during unloaded finger movements: a computer graphics model.- Authors index.