Biomimetic Approaches for Biomaterials Development

Biomimetics, in general terms, aims at understanding biological principles and applying them for the development of man-made tools and technologies. This approach is particularly important for the purposeful design of passive as well as functional biomaterials that mimic physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties of natural materials, making them suitable, for example, for biomedical devices or as scaffolds for tissue regeneration.

The book comprehensively covers biomimetic approaches to the development of biomaterials, including: an overview of naturally occurring or nature inspired biomaterials; an in-depth treatment of the surface aspects pivotal for the functionality; synthesis and self-assembly methods to prepare devices to be used in mineralized tissues such as bone and teeth; and preparation of biomaterials for the controlled/ sustained release of bioactive agents. The last part reviews the applications of bioinspired materials and principles of design in regenerative medicine such as in-situ grown bone or cartilage as well as the biomimetic techniques for soft tissue engineering.

The comprehensive scope of this book makes it a must-have addition to the bookshelf of everyone in the fields of Materials Science/Engineering, Nanotechnologies / Nanosciences, Medical Sciences, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering.

Preface XVII List of Contributors XXI

Part I Examples of Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials 1

1 Biomaterials from Marine-Origin Biopolymers 3

Tiago H. Silva, Ana R.C. Duarte, Joana Moreira-Silva, Joao F. Mano, and Rui L. Reis

1.1 Taking Inspiration from the Sea 3

1.2 Marine-Origin Biopolymers 6

1.3 Marine-Based Tissue Engineering Approaches 12

1.4 Conclusions 18

2 Hydrogels from Protein Engineering 25

Midori Greenwood-Goodwin and Sarah C. Heilshorn

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Principles of Protein Engineering 26

2.3 Structural Diversity and Applications of Protein-Engineered Hydrogels 32

2.4 Development of Biomimetic Protein-Engineered Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications 39

2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 48

3 Collagen-Based Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine 55

Christophe Helary and Abhay Pandit

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Collagens In Vivo 56

3.3 Collagen In Vitro 59

3.4 Collagen Hydrogels 59

3.5 Collagen Sponges 65

3.6 Multichannel Collagen Scaffolds 66

3.7 What Tissues Do Collagen Biomaterials Mimic? (see Table 3.1) 66

3.8 Concluding Remarks 70

4 Silk-Based Biomaterials 75

Silvia Gomes, Isabel B. Leonor, Joao F. Mano, Rui L. Reis, and David L. Kaplan

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Silk Proteins 76

4.3 Mechanical Properties 82

4.4 Biomedical Applications of Silk 84

4.5 Final Remarks 87

5 Elastin-like Macromolecules 93

Rui R. Costa, Laura Martin, Joao F. Mano, and Jose C. Rodríguez-Cabello

5.1 General Introduction 93

5.2 Materials Engineering – an Overview on Synthetic and Natural Biomaterials 94

5.3 Elastin as a Source of Inspiration for Nature-Inspired Polymers 94

5.4 Nature-Inspired Biosynthetic Elastins 99

5.5 ELRs as Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications 103

5.6 Conclusions 110

6 Biomimetic Molecular Recognition Elements for Chemical Sensing 117

Justyn Jaworski

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Theory of Molecular Recognition 123

6.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 129

6.4 Supramolecular Chemistry 134

6.5 Biomolecular Materials 140

6.6 Summary and Future of Biomimetic-Sensor-Coating Materials 151

Part II Surface Aspects 157

7 Biology Lessons for Engineering Surfaces for Controlling Cell–Material Adhesion 159

Ted T. Lee and André’s J. García

7.1 Introduction 159

7.2 The Extracellular Matrix 159

7.3 Protein Structure 160

7.4 Basics of Protein Adsorption 161

7.5 Kinetics of Protein Adsorption 162

7.6 Cell Communication 164

7.7 Cell Adhesion Background 166

7.8 Integrins and Adhesive Force Generation Overview 167

7.9 Adhesive Interactions in Cell, and Host Responses to Biomaterials 170

7.10 Model Systems for Controlling Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion 170

7.11 Self-Assembling Monolayers (SAMs) 171

7.12 Real-World Materials for Medical Applications 172

7.13 Bio-Inspired, Adhesive Materials: New Routes to Promote Tissue Repair and Regeneration 174

7.14 Dynamic Biomaterials 176

8 Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis at the Cell–Material Interface 189

Marco Cantini, Patricia Rico, and Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez

8.1 Introduction 189

8.2 Cell-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis 189

8.3 Cell-Free Assembly of Fibronectin Fibrils 195

8.4 Material-Driven Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis 202

9 Nanoscale Control of Cell Behavior on Biointerfaces 213

E. Ada Cavalcanti-Adam and Dimitris Missirlis

9.1 Nanoscale Cues in Cell Environment 213

9.2 Biomimetics of Cell Environment Using Interfaces 216

9.3 Cell Responses to Nanostructured Materials 227

9.4 The Road Ahead 233 References 234

10 Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges for Biomedical Applications 237

Wenlong Song, Natalia M. Alves, and Joao F. Mano

10.1 Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature 237

10.2 Theory of Surface Wettability 239

10.3 Fabrication of Extreme Water-Repellent Surfaces Inspired by Nature 241

10.4 Applications of Surfaces with Extreme Wettability Ranges in the Biomedical Field 245

10.5 Conclusions 254

11 Bio-Inspired Reversible Adhesives for Dry and Wet Conditions 259

Aranzazu del Campo and Juan Pedro Fernandez-Blazquez

11.1 Introduction 259

11.2 Gecko-Like Dry Adhesives 260

11.3 Bioinspired Adhesives for Wet Conditions 268

11.4 The Future of Bio-Inspired Reversible Adhesives 270

12 Lessons from Sea Organisms to Produce New Biomedical Adhesives 273

Elise Hennebert, Pierre Becker, and Patrick Flammang

12.1 Introduction 273

12.2 Composition of Natural Adhesives 274

12.3 Recombinant Adhesive Proteins 281

12.4 Production of Bio-Inspired Synthetic Adhesive Polymers 284

12.5 Perspectives 288

Part III Hard and Mineralized Systems 293

13 Interfacial Forces and Interfaces in Hard Biomaterial Mechanics 295

Devendra K. Dubey and Vikas Tomar

13.1 Introduction 295

13.2 Hard Biological Materials 298

13.4 Summary 308

14 Nacre-Inspired Biomaterials 313

Gisela M. Luz and Joao F. Mano

14.1 Introduction 313

14.2 Structure of Nacre 316

14.3 Why Is Nacre So Strong? 318

14.4 Strategies to Produce Nacre-Inspired Biomaterials 320

14.5 Conclusions 328

15 Surfaces Inducing Biomineralization 333

Natalia M. Alves, Isabel B. Leonor, Helena S. Azevedo, Rui. L. Reis, and Joao. F. Mano

15.1 Mineralized Structures in Nature: The Example of Bone 333

15.2 Learning from Nature to the Research Laboratory 336

15 Surfaces Inducing Biomineralization 333

Natalia M. Alves, Isabel B. Leonor, Helena S. Azevedo, Rui. L. Reis, and Joao. F. Mano

15.1 Mineralized Structures in Nature: The Example of Bone 333

15.2 Learning from Nature to the Research Laboratory 336

15.3 Smart Mineralizing Surfaces 343

15.4 In Situ Self-Assembly on Implant Surfaces to Direct Mineralization 345

15.5 Conclusions 348

16 Bioactive Nanocomposites Containing Silicate Phases for Bone Replacement and Regeneration 353

Melek Erol, Jasmin Hum, and Aldo R. Boccaccini

16.1 Introduction 353

16.2 Nanostructure and Nanofeatures of the Bone 354

16.3 Nanocomposites-Containing Silicate Nanophases 356

16.4 Final Considerations 372

Part IV Systems for the Delivery of Bioactive Agents 381

17 Biomimetic Nanostructured Apatitic Matrices for Drug Delivery 383

Norberto Roveri and Michele Iafisco

17.1 Introduction 383

17.2 Biomimetic Apatite Nanocrystals 384

17.3 Biomedical Applications of Biomimetic Nanostructured Apatites 390

17.4 Biomimetic Nanostructured Apatite as Drug Delivery System 394

17.5 Adsorption and Release of Proteins 402

17.6 Conclusions and Perspectives

18 Nanostructures and Nanostructured Networks for Smart Drug Delivery 417

Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Ana M. Puga, and Angel Concheiro

18.1 Introduction 417

18.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Materials 419

18.3 Stimuli-Responsive Nanostructures and Nanostructured Networks 428

18.4 Concluding Remarks 449

19 Progress in Dendrimer-Based Nanocarriers 459

Joaquim M. Oliveira, Joao F. Mano, and Rui L. Reis

19.1 Fundamentals 459

19.2 Applications of Dendrimer-Based Polymers 460

19.3 Final Remarks 467

Part V Lessons from Nature in Regenerative Medicine 471

20 Tissue Analogs by the Assembly of Engineered Hydrogel Blocks 473

Shilpa Sant, Daniela F. Coutinho, Nasser Sadr, Rui L. Reis, and Ali Khademhosseini

20.1 Introduction 473

20.2 Tissue/Organ Heterogeneity In Vivo 474

20.3 Hydrogel Engineering for Obtaining Biologically Inspired Structures 477

20.4 Assembly of Engineered Hydrogel Blocks 485

20.5 Conclusions 488

21 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 495

Da Yeon Kim, Jae Ho Kim, Byoung Hyun Min, and Moon Suk Kim

21.1 Introduction 495

21.2 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds Formed by Electrostatic Interactions 496

21.3 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds Formed by Hydrophobic Interactions 497

21.4 Immune Response of Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds 500

21.5 Injectable In-Situ-Forming Scaffolds for Preclinical Regenerative Medicine 500

21.6 Conclusions and Outlook 501

22 Biomimetic Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine 503

Iris Mironi-Harpaz, Olga Kossover, Eran Ivanir, and Dror Seliktar

22.1 Introduction 503 22.2 Natural and Synthetic Hydrogels 503

22.3 Hydrogel Properties 505

2.4 Engineering Strategies for Hydrogel Development 506

22.5 Applications in Biomedicine 508

23 Bio-inspired 3D Environments for Cartilage Engineering 515

Jose Luis Gomez Ribelles

23.1 Articular Cartilage Histology 515

23.2 Spontaneous and Forced Regeneration in Articular Cartilage 517

23.3 What Can Tissue Engineering Do for Articular Cartilage Regeneration? 517

23.4 Cell Sources for Cartilage Engineering 519

23.5 The Role and Requirements of the Scaffolding Material 524

23.6 Growth Factor Delivery In Vivo 528

23.7 Conclusions 528

24 Soft Constructs for Skin Tissue Engineering 537

Simone S. Silva, Joao F. Mano, and Rui L. Reis

24.1 Introduction 537

24.2 Structure of Skin 537

24.3 Current Biomaterials in Wound Healing 539

24.4 Wound Dressings and Their Properties 545

24.5 Biomimetic Approaches in Skin Tissue Engineering 546

24.6 Final Remarks 549

Acknowledgments 552

List of Abbreviations 552

References 553

Index 559

Jo?o F. Mano (CEng, PhD, DSc) is an Associate Professor at the Polymer Engineering Department, University of Minho, Portugal, and principal investigator at the 3B's research group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics. He is the former director of the Master's Program in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Minho. His current research interests include the development of new materials and concepts for biomedical applications, especially aimed at being used in tissue engineering and in drug delivery systems. In particular, he has been developing biomaterials and surfaces that can react to external stimuli, or biomimetic and nanotechnology approaches to be used in the biomedical area. J.F. Mano authored more than 330 papers in international journals and three patents. He belongs to the editorial boards of 5 well-established international journals. J.F. Mano awarded the 'Stimulus to Excellence' by the Portuguese Minister for Science and Technology in 2005, the 'Materials Science and Technology Prize', attributed by the Federation of European Materials Societies in 2007 and the major 'BES innovation award' in 2010.