Cardiovascular Psychophysiology, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1981 A Perspective

It was my original intention to write a reasonably advanced psycho­ physiology text that would go beyond cardiovascular activity. This I believed would require a collaborative effort since my expertise outside of cardiovascular psychophysiology is too limited. After some initial limited efforts to organize such a venture, it became apparent that a text of this nature was not feasible. Thus, the effort was dropped. I did, however, receive encouragement to write the present monograph, which is more a personalized document than a text. As will become apparent, this monograph relies heavily on research from my laboratory and details the manner in which our conceptualizations of the issues have developed. At first, I believed such an effort premature since such a personalized document was something one composes upon retire­ ment. However, I was persuaded by some individuals (who shall re­ main anonymous, just in case they end up regretting their actions) to undertake the present effort. There are several people, who have rendered assistance in the preparation of this monograph, for whose efforts I am extremely grate­ ful. Extensive editorial assistance and encouragement were provided by Kathleen C. Light and Alberto Grignolo. Also assisting editorially were Ellen Z. Curtin, Allison Cahill, and Carolyn Williams. I wish also to thank my long-time secretary, Virginia Hodson, and Jenny Adams, for their typing assistance. There are six people to whom I would like to dedicate this book.

1 Introduction.- 2 Some Elements of Cardiovascular and Renal Physiology.- I. Introduction.- II. The Innervations and Catecholamines.- III. The Exercise Response—Mechanisms of a Fundamental Cardiovascular Adjustment.- A. General Commentary.- B. The Cardiac Output.- 1. The Heart Rate.- 2. The Stroke Volume.- 3. Cardiac Contractility.- 4. Summary.- C. Regional Blood Flow.- IV. Some Aspects of Blood Pressure Control.- A. Diastolic Blood Pressure.- B. Systolic Blood Pressure.- C. The Role of the Cardiac Output.- D. Summary of Blood Pressure Control.- V. Renal Physiology—A Brief Overview.- VI. Summary.- 3 The Cardiac-Somatic Relationship.- I. Introduction.- II. Paradoxical Heart Rate Changes.- III. Classical Conditioning—The Behavioral Strategy.- IV. The Role of the Innervations.- V. Cardiac-Somatic Covariation.- A. Initial Studies with Dogs.- B. Human Studies.- VI. Commentary.- A. The Cardiac-Somatic Hypothesis.- B. Other Psychophysiological Data.- VII. Summary.- 4 Cardiac-Somatic Uncoupling.- I. Introduction.- II. Phasic Sympathetic Effects.- III. Tonic Sympathetic Effects and Active Coping.- IV. Other Stimulus Parameters.- V. Individual Differences and Base Level Effects.- VI. ß-Adrenergic Reactivity—Metabolic Relevance.- VII. Summary.- 5 Hypertension—The Symptom and a Hemodynamic Model.- I. Introduction.- II. Blood Pressure—The Symptom.- III. Blood Pressure Control in Hypertension.- A. Hemodynamics in Borderline Hypertension.- B. ß-Adrenergic Influences in Borderline Hypertension...- C. The Transition Mechanism.- D. Blood Pressure as a Predictor and the Lability Problem.- E. The Hemodynamic Model—Counterarguments.- IV. Summary.- 6 Hypertension—Behavioral Influences.- I. Introduction.- II. ß-Adrenergic Influences on BP.- A. Systolic Blood Pressure.- B. Diastolic Blood Pressure Effects.- C. Other Observations and Comments.- III. Behaviorally Evoked Adrenergic Hyperreactivity: A Precursor of Hypertension?.- A. Individual Differences, Base Level Effects, and Relationship to Heart Rate Reactivity.- B. Family History Data.- C. Another Issue and Some Observations.- D. Summary.- IV. Some Other Thoughts and Asides.- A. Diastolic Blood Pressure and Vascular Reactivity.- B. Hypertension and the Kidney.- C. On Individual Differences.- D. “The” Cause of Hypertension.- E. The Behavioral-Biological Strategy.- V. Summary.- A. Problems with the Symptomatic Approach in Treatment.- B. Treatment—Prevention and the Mechanisms.- 7 Some Asides and Other Issues.- I. On the Measurement of Myocardial Performance.- A. Rate of Change Measures.- B. Time Intervals.- C. T-Wave Amplitude.- D. Discussion and Summary.- II. Cardiovascular Indices of Behavioral States.- A. Phasic Heart Rate.- B. Tonic Heart Rate.- C. Phasic and Tonic Blood Pressure.- D. Discussion and Summary.- III. Active-Passive Coping.- A. Mobilization vs. Immobilization.- B. Some Reservations and Questions.- C. Summary.- IV. Cardiac-Somatic Formulation—Some Inconsistencies.- References.