Energy Audits and Improvements for Commercial Buildings

The Intuitive Guide to Energy Efficiency and Building Improvements

Energy Audits and Improvements for Commercial Buildings provides a comprehensive guide to delivering deep and measurable energy savings and carbon emission reductions in buildings. Author Ian M. Shapiro has prepared, supervised, and reviewed over 1,000 energy audits in all types of commercial facilities, and led energy improvement projects for many more. In this book, he merges real-world experience with the latest standards and practices to help energy managers and energy auditors transform energy use in the buildings they serve, and indeed to transform their buildings.

• Set and reach energy reduction goals, carbon reduction goals, and sustainability goals
• Dramatically improve efficiency of heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, water and other building systems
• Include the building envelope as a major factor in energy use and improvements
• Use the latest tools for more thorough analysis and reporting, while avoiding common mistakes
• Get up to date on current improvements and best practices, including management of energy improvements, from single buildings to large building portfolios, as well as government and utility programs

Photographs and drawings throughout illustrate essential procedures and improvement opportunities. For any professional interested in efficient commercial buildings large and small, Energy Audits and Improvements for Commercial Buildings provides an accessible, complete, improvement-focused reference.

Acknowledgments ix

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Overview 5

Chapter 3 Field Guide 17

Chapter 4 Envelope 27

Chapter 5 Lighting 71

Chapter 6 Heating 99

Chapter 7 Cooling and Integrated Heating/Cooling Systems 117

Chapter 8 Heating and Cooling Distribution 137

Chapter 9 Ventilation 151

Chapter 10 Identifying Heating and Cooling Equipment 167

Chapter 11 Controls 171

Chapter 12 Water 189

Chapter 13 Electric Loads (Other than Lighting) 217

Chapter 14 Gas Loads (Other than Heating and Domestic Hot Water) 237

Chapter 15 Advanced Energy Improvements 239

Chapter 16 Estimating Savings 247

Chapter 17 Financial Aspects of Energy Improvements 257

Chapter 18 Reporting 265

Chapter 19 Sector-Specific Needs and Improvements 271

Chapter 20 Project Management 281

Chapter 21 Operation, Maintenance, and Energy Management 295

Chapter 22 Portfolio Programs 305

Chapter 23 Resources 317

Appendix A Building Material R-Values 319

Appendix B Window Ratings 321

Appendix c Air-Mixing Method of Airflow Measurement 323

Appendix d Recommended Illuminance 325

Appendix E Lighting Power Allowances—Space-by-Space 327

Appendix F HID Lighting Designations 329

Appendix G Lighting Software 331

Appendix H Lighting Reflectances 333

Appendix I Room Air Conditioner Efficiency Requirements 335

Appendix J Chiller Efficiency Requirements 337

Appendix K Existing Exhaust Schedule 339

Appendix l Existing Outdoor Air Schedule 341

Appendix m Proposed Outside Air Schedule 343

Appendix N Simplified Model of a Building Entering or Recovering from Setback 345

Appendix O Gas Pilot Sizes and Gas Use 347

Appendix P Estimated Existing Motor Efficiencies, Pre- 1992 349

Appendix Q Equipment Expected Useful Life 351

Appendix R Request for Proposal for Energy Audits 359

Appendix S Energy Audit Review Checklist 363

Appendix T Energy Preventive Maintenance Schedule 367

Index 369

IAN M. SHAPIRO is the founder and co-owner of Taitem Engineering in Ithaca, NY, an award-winning consulting firm he started in 1989. He has been a visiting lecturer at Cornell University, Tompkins-Cortland Community College, and Syracuse University, and is the co-author of Green Building Illustrated along with Francis D.K. Ching. His research and writing covers a range of topics including heating and cooling systems, building envelope, water conservation, and indoor air quality. He is a frequent contributor to ASHRAE Journal.