Fourth E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1982
Proceedings of the International Conference, held at Stresa, Italy, 10-14 May, 1982

This paper is written in the belief that people are important and that equipment is to serve the needs of the people and therefore should be designed to meet their specific needs and environment. This is particularly important in the case of a developing country when a professional engineer accepts the responsibility to formulate policies evaluate equipment imple­ ment projects and train national people. 1. Government, geography and climate Papua New Guinea, an independent and self governing state since 1975, is located directly North of Australia above the North Eastern State of Queensland. The country extends from 141° east longitude, at the border with Indonesia (Irian Jaya) to 160° east longitude and between latitudes 1° and 12° south (see figure 1). Papua New Guinea is a parliamentary democracy, with a single legis­ lature known as the National Parliament (1). The State is divided into 19 provinces plus the National Capital District (Port Moresby) with de­ centralized Government established in each province. Before independence the country comprised the Australian territory of Papua in the southern regions and the United Nations Trust Territory of New Guinea in the North (1). Land area is 462,840 square kilometres This inclUdes the mainland, the three large islands of New Britain, ~ew Ireland and fiougainville plus 600 small islands and archipelagos. Approximate direct distances from the capital city of Port Moresby to some of the other centres are : Vanimo 990 km, Rabaul SOO km, Arawa 990 km and Lorengau S25 km.

Opening Session.- Overview of the European Community’s activities in photovoltaics.- The Italian programme in photovoltaic solar energy.- Opening address — The ENEL’s programmes in the field of photovoltaic conversion.- Opening address — CNR programme for photovoltaics.- United States federal photovoltaic program status.- Session I — Applications.- Application trends for photovoltaics.- The potential for photovoltaics in Europe.- The behaviour of large solar power stations in the Swiss Alps.- Design, installation, and initial performance of 350-kW photovoltaic power system for Saudi Arabian villages.- The photovoltaic-powered water desalination plant “SORO” — Design, start up, operating experience.- The UNDP World Bank solar pump project — preparing for phase II.- Installation et évaluation d’un système simple de pompage photovoltaique dans un village algérien.- Poster Group P1 — Applications.- Intermediate.- Advanced system design for solar power plants.- The Mississippi county community college large-scale demonstration project — a success story.- TISO 15 — 15kW experimental photovoltaic solar power plant.- Residential.- Photovoltaic retrofit feasibility in the United States.- Experiments on combined photovoltaic-aeolian electric generation in a residential stand-alone system.- Simulations of the energy performance of a solar photovoltaic residence and hybrid electric automobile in Fresno, California.- Alicudi project.- A successful integration of solar energy in African life: Kolokani, Mali.- Application and experience of photovoltaic pumps for irrigation in Pakistan.- Development and testing of a submersible motor pump driven by a solar cell generator.- Other applications.- Solar generator performance with load matching to water electrolysis — longterm averages and range of instantaneous efficiencies.- Photovoltaic power for walk-in coolers.- Technical and economic requirements for small-scale photovoltaic refrigerators.- Residential applications of photovoltaics in the United States.- Session 2 — Experience, Performance, Reliability, Monitoring.- Performance, testing and module monitoring at the EC: necessary steps to develop cost-effective PV modules.- Reliability and performance experience with flat-plate photovoltaic modules.- Operational experience with intermediate flat-plate photovoltaic systems.- Operational experience with a 35-kWp concentrating photovoltaic system.- Solar photovoltaic systems in the development of Papua New Guinea.- Field trial of rural solar photovoltaic system.- Poster Group P2 — Experience, Performance, Reliability, Monitoring.- Experience and Reliability.- Study of a photovoltaic concentrating system like “Sophocle” in fluctuating mode.- Performance of 1kW peak concentrating photovoltaic array.- Photovoltaic concentrator module characterization.- Performance and Monitoring.- Results from a test facility for solar cells in Sweden.- A microprocessor-based instrument for automatic solar cell characterization.- Session 3 — Systems, Components and Engineering.- Subsystem engineering and development of grid-connected photovoltaic systems.- Array structures for fixed flat-plate photovoltaic power generators.- Inverters for PV plants feeding the electrical network of small isolated communities.- Poster Group P3 — Systems, Components and Engineering.- Array design.- A support structure for intermediate PV solar plant.- Low cost modular designs for photovoltaic array fields.- The photovoltaic solar system, analysis and basic design rules.- A detailed package of digital codes specially developed for the array system.- Shadowing, Hot-Spots.- Analysis of hot-spot-effects in encapsulated photovoltaic generators by laser scan and partial shadowing.- Reverse bias power dissipation of shadowed or faulty cells in different array configurations.- Disequilibriums in series connected solar cells — an approach to the protection by parallel diodes.- Grid Connection and Inverters.- Minimum cost of photovoltaic energy for a utility grid and general features of a generating plant using costless solar cells.- A DC/AC modular interface for photovoltaic systems.- Simple transformerless inverter with automatic grid-tracking and negligible harmonic content for utility interactive photovoltaic systems.- Regulated converter circuit for direct photovoltaic energy feedback into the power grid.- Power conditioning in solar photovoltaic array applications.- Battery Interface.- Mismatch between batteries and two module types PV arrays Interest of DC-DC converters.- Matching the characterstics of batteries with solar cell modules.- Calculation to improve power conversion efficiency in photovoltaic systems.- Session 4 — Fiat Plate Module Technology.- Flat plate module technology — overview.- AM/PM: The rating system for photovoltaic modules.- Poster Group P4 — Flat Plate Module Technology.- Recent progress in terrestrial photovoltaic collector technology.- Low-cost solar array progress and plans.- An all glass encapsulation of solar cells using silk-screening techniques.- Laminated modules with new plastic material based on an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer.- Design and development of a module for the EEC PV pilot plants.- Module design for EC pilot projects.- Solar cells failure modes and improvement of reverse characteristics.- Fabrication of large area Cu2S/CdS thin film solar modules.- Front contacts for large area high efficiency Cu2S-CdS solar cells.- Session 5 — Fundamental Studies.- Solid solubility and precipitation of phosphorus and arsenic in silicon solar cells front layer.- Grain boundaries and intragrain defects dependence of local and global electronic and photovoltaic properties of CGE polysilicon.- Gas immersion laser diffusion: A new method for making efficient Si solar cells.- Validity of the effective lifetime concept in polycrystalline silicon.- Study of the grain boundary effects in n-p junction polycrystalline Si solar cells.- Studies of the gap states density in undoped and doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon.- Influence of light exposure on the transport properties of a-Si:H films.- Pulsed electron beam annealing of ion implanted germanium for photovoltaic devices.- Recent advances in ITO/InP and CdS/InP solar cells.- Intensity enhancement in textures optical sheets for solar cells.- Spectrum shifting methods in photovoltaics: an evaluation of model systems.- Poster Group P5 — Fundamental Studies.- Theoretical studies.- Extrema of majority and minority carrier quasi Fermi levels in p-n junction solar cells.- High-blocked heterojunction and Schottky barrier solar cells.- Computer-aided-characterization of the illuminated and dark current voltage characteristics of solar cells.- Non linear model for shunt current in terrestrial silicon solar cells.- Non-linear increase and decrease of open circuit voltage of n p p silicon solar cells at high illumination level.- Series resistance analysis of concentrator cells under high injection conditions.- Silicon Solar Cells.- The influence of grain-boundary recombination and grain size on the I(V)-characteristics of polycrystalline silicon solar cells.- Diffusion length of minority carriers in scanning electron beam annealed silicon.- Pathology of solar cell contacts.- Design of stable metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) solar cells by oxide thickness compensation.- Amorphous Silicon.- Study of gap states in a-Si:H by transient current spectroscopy.- Highly conductive boron doped Si-layers prepared by plasma decomposition of SiH4.- A model for analysis of optical measurements carried on a-Si:H films for photovoltaic applications.- Other Materials.- The assessment of thin film CuxS-CdS solar cells using cathodoluminescence techniques.- Photovoltaic effect in SnTe/CdTe junctions.- Organic photovoltaic materials: polyacetylene.- Compositional analysis of CuInS2 chalcopyrite semiconductor.- Studies on CdS/n-InP PEC solar cells.- Session 6 — Advanced Devices and Concentration.- Advanced photovoltaic devices.- High efficiency GaAs solar cells for concentrator and flat plate arrays.- Photovoltaic concentrator technology in the USA.- Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC): technical and economic requirements for a residential system.- Recent progress in a residential solar energy system development.- High efficiency tandem type solar cells consisting of a-Si:H and a-SiGe:H.- High efficiency shallow p nn cadmium telluride solar cells.- Poster Group P6 — Advanced Devices and Concentration.- Advanced Solar Cells.- The photovoltaic advanced research and development program in the United States.- Influence of plasma Si-nitride deposition on the dark I-V curves of MIS contacts for inversion layer solar cells.- Limitations of the open circuit voltage of induced junction silicon solar cells due to surface recombination.- Some comments on sprayed ITO/semiconductor solar cells.- Role of photoluminescence in the efficiency of a Ga1-x AlxAs-GaAs solar cell.- Operating characteristics of thin tftermophotovoltaic cells with minority carrier mirrors and optical mirrors using selective radiators of erbium and ytterbium oxides.- Concentrators.- Lambertian analysis of mirrors and Fresnel lenses for solar concentration.- 750 suns concentrator modules using GaAs solar cells.- A 500 Wpk photovoltaic concentrator using a glass laminated metal membrane reflector.- Fluorescent planar concentrator (FPC): Monte-Carlo computer model — Limit efficiency and latest experimental results.- Session 7 — Thin Film Solar Cell Technology.- Physical limitations of present thin film solar cells.- 8% efficiency a-SiC:H/a-Si:H heterojunction solar cells.- Amorphous silicon solar cells produced by a consecutive, separated reaction chamber method.- Charge collection in a-Si:H solar cells.- The effect of glow discharge excitation frequency on the performance of microcrystalline Si:H thin films and devices.- Electrodeposited CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cells.- Thin film heterojunction CdS/Cu ternary alloys — solar cells with minority carrier mirrors.- Large area CdS/Cu S thin film solar cells produced by electrophoretic deposition.- Sprayed zinc-cadmium sulfide films for backwall Cu2S/(ZnCd)S cells.- Poster Group P7 — Thin Film Solar Cell Technology.- Amorphous Semiconductors.- Large area and high efficiency a-Si:H solar cell.- Post-hydrogenated CVD amorphous silicon p-i-n diodes for photovoltaic applications.- Stability of amorphous silicon solar cells with pin structure.- Carrier conduction in a-Si:H solar cells.- Optical optimization of amorphous silicon solar cells.- Large area hydrogenated amorphous silicon for photovoltaic application.- Novel plasma chemical methods for doping a-Si:H.- Electronic properties of doped amorphous SiOx.- Crystalline Silicon Based Cells.- Antimony doping in vacuum deposited thin film silicon photovoltaic cells.- Photovoltaic performance of CdS heterojunctions on polycrystalline silicon.- II-IV Compound Solar Cells.- Temperature dependence of the IV-characteristic of Cu2S-CdS thin film solar cells and related phenomena.- Continuous deposition of photovoltaic grade CdS sheet at the unit operations scale.- CuxS(p) — CdZnS(n) — CdS(n+) evaporated thin film solar cells.- Thin film Cu2S/CdS junctions produced by evaporation and sputtering: effect of thermal treatments in vaccum.- Airless sprayed CdS solar cells.- Electrochemical preparation and conditioning of Cu2S for Cu2S-CdS solar cells.- Physico-chemical properties of Cu2S.- Photovoltaic behaviour of CdSe thin film solar cells.- All thin film n-CdTe/ITO Solar Cell.- Preparation of high purity II-VI compounds by laser annealing.- Other Thin Film Systems.- Zn3P2 thin-film solar cells.- Cadmium sulfide polyacetylene photovoltaic hererojunction.- Antimony sulphide thin films.- Session 8 — Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Technology.- Progress in unconventional crystallization of silicon.- Production of solar grade silicon in an arc furnace using high purity starting materials.- Segregation of impurities at grain boundaries and other compositional inhomogeneities in chill-casted silicon ingots.- Advanced slicing techniques.- Continuous growth of thin polysilicon sheets on a temporary carbon shaper by the R.A.D. process.- Possibilities of ion implantation in silicon solar cell manufacturing.- Low cost processes for cast silicon solar cells.- Polycrystalline silicon solar cells utilizing an integral screen printing technique.- Photovoltaic solar cell comparison methodology.- Poster Group P8 — Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Technology.- Silicon Material.- Aluminothermic reduction of quartz sand.- Solar grade floating-zone silicon.- Current aspects of the CGE semicrystalline silicon ingots elaboration method.- An approach to solargrade silicon layers epitaxially grown on mg silicon substrates.- Method of raw material continuous feeding on silicon ribbon growth.- Impurity incorporation in R.A.D. polysilicon layers and consequences on their electrical properties.- Fast silicon-sheet growth with the supported-web method.- Recent developments in multi-wire fixed abrasive slicing technique (FAST).- Critical technology limits to silicon material and sheet production.- Economic viability of the UCP semicrystalline silicon sheet technology.- Ion Implantation, Cell Processing.- Comparison between various ion beam doping procedures and anneal techniques used in manufacturing silicon solar cells.- Status of ion-implanted silicon solar cells.- Optimization of pulsed electron beam annealing process for silicon solar cells.- Silicon solar cells by ion implantation: E-beam and self annealing.- An automated ion implant/pulse anneal machine for low cost silicon cell production.- Laser processing in the preparation of high efficiency poly-crystalline silicon solar cells.- The influence of surface texture and thermal treatment on the performance of laser-annealed silicon solar cells.- Implantation of boron and boron fluoride compounds into silicon for production of solar cells.- Grain boundary photocurrent enhancement in solar cells made by laser diffusion.- Dry process for economic cell manufacturing.- Late News Papers.- Low cost structures and optimization of support structures.- Screen printed SIS-type solar cells.- An improved derivation of solar cell parameters in terms of transition probabilities.- Impurity diffusion in amorphous silicon and its implications for solar cells.- The world’s largest 12 Volt single string photovoltaic module.- Light assisted pulsed annealing of photovoltaic silicon by microwave energy.- Microprogrammed coupling system for photovoltaic generators with multiple receptors.- List of Participants.- Index of Authors.