Fresh Citrus Fruits, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1986

World production of citrus fruits continues an upward trend. Total world citrus production in 1961 amounted to about 24 MMT (69% oranges, 11 % tangerines, 11% lemons and limes, and 9% grapefruit) and is projected in 1990 at about 71 MMT (69% oranges, 14% tangerines, 10% lemons and limes, and 7% grape­ fruit). More than 125 countries and territories produce some type of citrus fruit; however, nearly 70% of the world total (54 MMT) in 1983 was accounted for by the ten largest producers, viz., United States (22.2%), Brazil (18.6%), Japan (6.6%), Spain (5.5%), Italy (4.8%), Mexico (4.0%), Argentina (2.8%), Israel (2.6%), Turkey (2.6%), and Egypt (1.8%). In 1983, about 60% of world citrus production was consumed in fresh form. During the 1960s and 1970s, fresh consumption increased at an average rate of about 4% per year; however, projections for the 1980s and 1990s show an annual average rate of only 2%. Countries differ in the utilization of their citrus crop. As an example, Mediterranean Basin countries use 80% of their production in fresh form, whereas the two largest citrus producers, the United States and Brazil, use less than 40% of their production in fresh form. The Mediterranean Basin countries are also the largest exporters of fresh citrus, accounting for about 75% of the world total. The major fresh citrus fruits exported in 1981 were oranges, (58%), tangerines (15%), lemons and limes (15%), and grapefruit (12%).

1 Anatomy and Physiology.- Anatomy and Morphology.- Physiology and Maturation.- References.- 2 Maturity and Grade Standards.- Historical Background.- Measurement of Fruit Characteristics.- Factors Influencing Local Standards.- Markets and Fruit Marketability.- Summary.- References.- 3 Production Practices That Influence Fresh Fruit Quality.- Climate.- Rootstocks.- Pruning.- Spacing of Trees.- Fertilization and Plant Nutrition.- Pests, Diseases, and Other Injuries.- References.- 4 Growth Regulator Improvement of Postharvest Quality.- Navel Orange.- Other Sweet Oranges.- Tangerines.- Grapefruit.- Limes.- Lemons.- Biochemistry and Physiology.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Fresh Fruit Cultivars.- Sweet Oranges.- Mandarin and Mandarin Hybrids.- Grapefruit.- Lemons.- Pummelos.- Limes.- Kumquats.- Citrons.- Sour Oranges.- Calamondin.- References.- 6 Production Trends around the World.- 1 United States.- Text.- References.- 2 Brazil, Cuba, and Mexico.- Brazil.- Cuba.- Mexico.- References.- 3 Japan.- Varieties and Production Trends.- Problems in the Japanese Citrus Industry.- References.- 4 Spain.- Text.- References.- 5 Israel.- Text.- References.- 6 Southern Africa.- Distribution.- Production.- Area Planted and Future Production Trends.- References.- 7 Australia.- Cultural Practices.- Production and Utilization.- Marketing.- Postharvest Handling and Treatment.- Factory Prices for Citrus Fruits.- Citrus Consumption.- Imports.- Future Outlook.- References.- 8 China.- Producing Regions.- Citrus Cultivars.- Rootstocks.- Propagation Methods.- Orchard Practices.- Diseases, Pests, and Cold Injury.- 7 Harvesting Techniques.- Manual Picking.- Mechanical Picking Aids.- Mechanical Harvesting Methods.- Fruit Collection Methods.- Fruit Quality.- Economic Considerations.- Present Assessment and Future Trends.- References.- 8 Transportation to the Packinghouse.- Some Principles.- Major Transportation Systems.- Florida Bulk-Handling Experience.- References.- 9 Coordination of Fresh Fruit and Processing Outlets.- Economic Considerations.- Harvesting.- Packinghouse Handling.- Conclusion.- References.- 10 Degreening.- The Degreening Atmosphere.- Prior Factors Affecting Degreening.- Degreening Room Designs.- Intermittent Degreening.- References.- 11 Separation and Grading of Freeze-Damaged Fruit.- How Fruit Freezes.- U.S. Grades for Freeze Damage.- Principles of Specific Gravity Separation.- Setting Up an Efficient Separation System.- Electronic Detection Methods.- References.- 12 Packingline Machinery.- Principles.- The Basic Packinghouse Line.- Minimizing Fruit Damage on the Packinghouse Line.- Calculating Packingline Capacity.- References.- 13 Postharvest Citrus Diseases and Their Control.- Development of Postharvest Diseases.- Control of Postharvest Diseases.- Common Fungicides.- Fungicide-Resistant Pathogens.- Experimental Fungicides.- References.- 14 Physiological Disorders.- Preharvest Related Disorders.- Maturity Related Disorders.- Harvesting-Induced Disorders.- Postharvest Related Disorders.- Conclusions.- References.- 15 Washing, Waxing, and Color-Adding.- Washing and Waxing—An Overview.- Washing and Dewatering.- Solvent Wax Application.- Water-Wax Application.- Lemon Storage Wax Process.- Color-Adding.- Removing Sooty Mold.- References.- 16 Packaging and Unitization.- Citrus Containers and Packaging Materials.- Citrus Unitization.- Physical and Environmental Considerations for Shipping-Container Design and Unitization.- References.- 17 Plant Pest Regulations.- History.- Principles.- Natural Barriers to Spread of Pests.- Citrus Fruit Pests.- Arthropods.- Mollusca.- Plant Pathogens.- Certification Procedures for Citrus Fruits.- Summary.- References.- 18 Pesticide Tolerances.- How Pesticide Tolerances Are Established.- Acceptable Daily Intake.- Tolerance in Relation to Citrus.- Established Tolerances for Citrus and Citrus Products.- Codex Alimentarais Commission.- Pesticide Tolerances for Food Additives.- Summary.- References.- 19 Transportation to Markets.- Losses in Transit.- Time in Transit.- Protective Services in Transit.- Preloading Procedures.- Characteristics of Transport Vehicles.- Mixed Loads.- Conclusions.- References.- 20 Storage of Citrus Fruits.- Identifying the Major Hazards.- Preharvest Factors.- Harvesting.- Postharvest Prestorage Treatments.- Storage Conditions.- Criteria for Judging Storage Life.- Poststorage Handling.- Mandarin-Type Varieties.- A Note on Thermodynamics.- References.- 21 World Fresh Citrus Trade—A Long-Term View.- Exports.- Imports.- Import Projections.- References.- 22 Energy in Citrus Packing.- Energy Usage in Producing Citrus for Fresh Market.- Energy Survey for Citrus Packing.- Energy Auditing.- Overall Energy Projections.- References.