Implantable Sensor Systems for Medical Applications
Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials Series

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Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials

Foreword

Introduction

Part I: Fundamentals of implantable systems

Chapter 1: Materials for implantable systems

Abstract:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Interactions between materials and the biological medium

1.3 Electrodes

1.4 Preferred electrode metals, compounds and polymers

1.5 Leads and interconnects

1.6 Packaging

1.7 Surface preparation

1.8 Conclusions

1.9 Future trends

1.10 Sources of further information

1.11 Acknowledgements

Chapter 2: Material–tissue interfaces in implantable systems

Abstract:

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Fundamental requirements of material–tissue interfaces

2.3 Material selection for implantable systems

2.4 Design considerations and packaging concepts

2.5 Approaches to reduce reactions at the material–tissue interface

2.6 Conclusions

2.7 Future trends

2.8 Sources of further information

Chapter 3: Packaging and coating materials for implantable devices

Abstract:

3.1 Introduction

3.1.1 Background

76 Implantable sensor systems for medical applications 3.1.3 Current packaging and coating strategies

3.2 Packaging of the passive device surface

80 Implantable sensor systems for medical applications 3.2.2 Silicone

3.3 Coating of active device surfaces

3.4 Coatings and barriers for drug release

3.5 Enhancement of surface biocompatibility

3.6 Conclusions

3.7 Future trends

Chapter 4: Microassembly and micropackaging of implantable systems

Abstract:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Components of an implanted sensor system

4.3 Microassembly

4.4 Micropackaging

4.5 Conclusions

4.6 Future trends

4.7 Sources of further information

Chapter 5: Electrode array design and fabrication for implantable systems

Abstract:

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General requirements for implantable electrode arrays

5.3 Materials for implantable electrodes

5.4 The processing of silicone as a substrate material

5.5 Coating layers for microelectrodes

5.6 Fabrication of electrodes using platinum

5.7 Microelectrode arrays – design and fabrication

5.8 Advantages and disadvantages of existing fabrication processes

5.9 Risks

5.10 Conclusions

5.11 Future trends

5.12 Sources of further information

Chapter 6: Biofuel cells as sustainable power sources for implantable systems

Abstract:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Implantable biofuel cells

6.3 Design considerations

6.4 State-of-the-art and practical examples

6.5 Conclusions and future trends

6.6 Sources of further information

Part II: Challenges of implantable systems

Chapter 7: Biocompatibility of implantable systems

Abstract:

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The nature of the biological milieu

7.3 The course of events following insertion of an implantable system

7.4 Interfacial interactions

7.5 Biological and chemical processes which can affect implantable systems

7.6 Modelling protein adsorption

7.7 The immune response

7.8 Hydrodynamic aspects of biocompatibility

7.9 Tribological aspects of biocompatibility

7.10 Corrosion

7.11 Cell–implant interactions

7.12 The metrology and evaluation of biocompatibility

7.13 Conclusions

7.14 Future trends

7.15 Sources of further information

Chapter 8: Sterilisation considerations for implantable sensor systems

Abstract:

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Global markets and the regulatory context

8.3 Methods for sterilisation of medical devices

8.4 Sterilisation of implantable sensor systems

8.5 Conclusions

8.6 Future trends

8.7 Sources of further information

Chapter 9: Protection of data confidentiality and patient privacy in medical sensor networks

Abstract:

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Challenges

9.3 Review of existing methods and their limitations

9.4 Secure authentication of medical sensing information

9.5 Performance evaluation of the Securing User Access to Medical Sensing Information (SecMed) method

9.6 Discussion

9.7 Conclusions

9.8 Future trends

9.9 Sources of further information

Chapter 10: Developing active implantable medical devices in a regulated environment

Abstract:

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The route to market

10.3 The medical device

Part III: Applications of implantable systems

Chapter 11: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for in vivo applications

Abstract:

11.1 Introduction to MEMS

11.2 Requirements for in vivo MEMS

11.3 In vivo physiological MEMS sensors

11.4 In vivo MEMS actuators

11.5 Biocompatibility

11.6 Conclusions

11.7 Future trends

11.8 Sources of further information

Chapter 12: Tripolar interfaces for neural recording

Abstract:

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The signal

12.3 Noise

12.4 Common-mode interference effects

12.5 Interference by external potential gradients

12.6 Models and illustrations

12.7 Future trends

12.8 Conclusions

12.9 Acknowledgements

12.11 Appendix: list of symbols

Chapter 13: Sensors for motor neuroprostheses

Abstract:

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Unique requirements of motor neuroprostheses

13.3 Clinical significance of motor neuroprostheses

13.4 Motor neuroprosthesis sensors

13.5 Motor neuroprosthesis control algorithms and sensor signal processing

13.6 Motor neuroprosthesis implantable sensor applications

13.7 Network topology design of sensor systems for use in motor neuroprostheses

13.8 Conclusions

13.9 Future trends

13.10 Sources of further information

Chapter 14: Implantable wireless body area networks

Abstract:

14.1 Introduction to Implanted Body Area Networks (IBANs)

14.2 Applications of IBANs

14.3 Wireless communication into and out of the body

14.4 Healthy Aims demonstration of IBANs

14.5 Conclusions

14.6 Future trends

14.7 Sources of further information

Chapter 15: Retina implants

Abstract:

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Background

15.3 The eye and the retina

15.4 Overview and approaches to retina implants

15.5 Technical implementation

15.6 Clinical trials

15.7 Conclusions

15.8 Future trends

15.9 Sources of further information

Index

• Provides a wide-ranging overview of the core technologies, key challenges and main issues related to the development and use of implantable sensor systems in a range of medical applications
• Reviews the fundamentals of implantable systems, including materials and material-tissue interfaces, packaging and coatings, and microassembly
• Considers the challenges associated with implantable systems, including biocompatibility and sterilization