Energy and Entropy, 2010
Equilibrium to Stationary States

The study of thermodynamics is often limited to classical thermodynamics where minimal laws and concepts lead to a wealth of equations and applications. The resultant equations best describe systems at equilibrium with no temporal or s- tial parameters. The equations do, however, often provide accurate descriptions for systems close to equilibrium. . Statistical thermodynamics produces the same equilibrium information starting with the microscopic properties of the atoms or molecules in the system that correlates with the results from macroscopic classical thermodynamics. Because both these disciplines develop a wealth of information from a few starting postulates, e. g. , the laws of thermodyamics, they are often introduced as independent disciplines. However, the concepts and techniques dev- oped for these disciplines are extremely useful in many other disciplines. This book is intended to provide an introduction to these disciplines while revealing the connections between them. Chemical kinetics uses the statistics and probabilities developed for statistical thermodynamics to explain the evolution of a system to equilibrium. Irreversible thermodynamics, which is developed from the equations of classical thermodyn- ics, centers on distance-dependent forces, and time-dependent ?uxes. The force ?ux equations of irreversible thermodynamics lead are generated from the intensive and extensive variables of classical thermodynamics. These force ?ux equations lead, in turn, to transport equations such as Fick?s ?rst law of diffusion and the Nernst Planck equation for electrochemical transport. The book illustrates the concepts using some simple examples.

The First Law of Thermodynamics.- First Law Formalism.- First Law of Thermodynamics: Applications.- Entropy and the Second Law: Thermodynamics Viewpoint.- The Nature of Entropy.- Free Energy.- Thermodynamic Equations of State.- Chemical Potentials in Solution.- Phase Equilibria and Colligative Properties.- The Foundations of Statistical Thermodynamics.- Applied Boltzmann Statistics.- Multi-state Systems.- Maxwell–Boltzmann Distributions.- Interactions.- Statistical Thermodynamics in Chemical Kinetics.- Irreversible Thermodynamics and Transport.- Stationary State Thermodynamics.

Bridges equilibrium and time dependent processes Mathematical techniques are developed using simple models The same basic models illustrate the physical concepts in different chapters Temporal and spatial equations are developed using basic thrmodynamics equations Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras