Progress in Botany / Fortschritte der Botanik, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1993 Structural Botany Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany / Struktur Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik Coll. Progress in Botany, Vol. 54

With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany. The present volume in- cludes reviews on structural botany, taxonomy, geobotany, plant physiology, genetics, and floral ecology.

Review.- Archaea (Archaebacteria).- 1. Introduction.- 2. First Recognition and Establishment of Archaebacteria as the Domain Archaea.- 3. Taxonomy and Ecology of Archaea.- 4. Characteristics of Archaea.- a) Morphology and Cytology.- b) Cell Walls and Cell Envelopes.- c) Metabolism.- ?) Central Metabolism.- ?) Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism.- d) Lipids.- e) Modified Nucleosides in Transfer RNA.- f) DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerases.- g) ATP Synthetase (ATPase).- h) Genome Organization.- 5. Biotechnological Potential of Archaea.- a) Methanogens.- b) Halobacteria.- c) Thermoacidophilic Archaea.- d) Archaea as a Source of Thermophilic Enzymes.- 6. Archaea and the Origin of Life.- References.- A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Eubacterial Cell Wall Structure and Assembly Processes.- a) Cell Wall Morphology and Assembly in Gram-Positive Bacteria.- b) Heteromorphism of Cell Envelope in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- c) Cell Wall Synthesis and Turnover in Gram-Negative Bacteria.- 2. Archebacterial Crystalline Surface Layers.- a) Structure and Assembly of a Coccoid Archebacterium.- b) Structural Aspects in a Filamentous Archebacterium.- 3. Periplasmic Space.- 4. New Features of the Flagellar Base.- 5. Cell-Cell Interactions in Myxobacteria.- References.- II. Cell Architecture and Cellular Morphogenesis of Eukaryotic Algae (Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta).- 1. Rhodophyta.- a) General Aspects of Cell Structure.- ?) Organellar Associations.- ?) Dictyosomes.- ?) Mitochondria.- ?) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).- ?) Rhodoplasts.- ?) Cell Walls.- ?) Pit Plugs.- b) Structure and Behavior of the Interphase Nucleus.- ?) Polygenomy.- ?) Nuclear Transfer and Cell Fusion.- ?) Filament Repair.- ?) Host-Parasite Interactions.- c) Cytoskeleton, Cell Division, and Mitosis.- d) Vegetative Morphogenesis.- ?) Cell Expansion.- ?) Side Branch Initiation.- ?) Protoplasts and Cell Culture.- e) Spermatangia and Spermatia.- f) Carpogone and Postfertilization Processes.- ?) Interaction of Spermatia with the Carpogone.- ?) Recognition Events Associated with Nuclear Transfer.- ?) Fine Structure of Carpogone and Carposporophyte.- g) Sporangia and Spores.- ?) Tetraspore Formation.- ?) Spore Germination.- 2. Phaeophyta.- a) Vegetative Cell Structure.- b) Mitosis, Cytokinesis, and the Cytoskeleton.- c) Cell Wall.- d) Motile Reproductive Cells.- e) Oogonia.- f) Fertilization and Early Postfertilization Processes.- g) Polyspermy Block.- h) Cell Polarity and Germination.- References.- III. Phloem Regeneration.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phloem Regeneration After Wounding.- a) Tissue Changes Preceding Wound-Phloem Development.- b) Ultrastructure.- c) The Induction of Wound-Sieve Tubes and Their Contact to Bundle Phloem.- d) Translocation in Wound Phloem.- 3. Phloem Regeneration in Graft Unions.- a) Graft-Union Development.- b) Translocation Between the Graft Partners in Relation to Phloem Regeneration.- c) Symplastic Connections Between the Graft Partners.- d) Mechanism of Secondary Plasmodesmata Formation.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- IV. Reproductive Development in Seed Plants: Research Activities at the Intersection of Molecular Genetics and Systematic Botany.- 1. Introduction.- 2. From Vegetative to Floral Apices - a Developmental Continuum.- 3. Developmental Pathways of Inflorescences.- a) Computer Stimulation, Terminological Questions.- b) Inflorescence Development in Grasses (Poaceae).- c) Inflorescence Development in Leguminosae and Some Other Dicotyledons.- d) Inflorescence Development in Asteraceae and Other Angiosperms with Pseudanthia.- e) Cone and Ovule Ontogeny in Gymnosperms (Mainly Conifers).- 4. Developmental Pathways of Flowers.- a) How to Define Whorls and Cycles.- b) Flexibility of Floral Construction, Meristic Variation, and Chaotic Flowers in Angiosperms.- c) Polyandrous Flowers in Dilleniidae and Rosidae (“Mid-level Dicotyledons”).- d) Development of Highly Synorganized Flowers with Cyclic Phyllotaxis (Asteridae, Orchids).- e) Some Comments on Gynoecium Development.- f) Fusion Events During Floral Morphogenesis.- 5. Homeosis, Heterochrony, and Developmental Mutants.- a) Fashionable Concepts.- b) Naturally Occurring Homeosis in Flowering Plants.- c) Naturally Occurring Heterochrony in Flowering Plants.- d) Developmental Mutants and the Arabidopsis-Antirrhinum Model of Floral Morphogenesis.- 6. Cladistic Analysis Using Floral Developmental Characters.- 7. Evolution of Floral Ontogenies.- 8. Outlook.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant.- 3. Stomatal Behavior and Transpirational Water Loss.- 4. Water Relations of Seeds and During Early Germination Stages.- 5. Effects of Water Shortage on Growth and Metabolism.- 6. Implications of Waterlogged Conditions.- 7. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 8. Water Relations in Poikilohydric Plants.- References.- II. The Transport Phloem. Specifics of its Functioning.- 1. Functions of the Transport Phloem.- 2. (Ultra)structure of the Transport Phloem.- 3. Membrane Potential Mapping of Stem Tissues.- 4. Symplastic Discontinuity Between SE/CC Complex and Adjoining Cells.- 5. Energy Channeling Between Sieve Element and Companion Cell.- 6. Release/Retrieval Via Pump/Leak Systems in the SE/CC Complex.- 7. Sugar Uptake by the SE/CC Complex.- 8. Sugar Release from the SE/CC Complex.- 9. Alternative or Parallel Apoplastic and Symplastic Unloading from the SE/CC Complex into Axial Sinks.- 10. (Un)loading of Storage Carbohydrates in the Transport Phloem.- 11. Driving Forces of Phloem Transport.- 12. PMF Gradients Along the Phloem Pathway.- 13. Potential Consequences of Functioning of the Transport Phloem for the Relative Growth Rate.- 14. Signaling Along the Phloem Pathway.- References.- III. Progress in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Research: Major Developments During the Past Years in Retrospect.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progress in Noninvasive Modulation Measuring Techniques.- a) Modulation Fluorometry.- b) Related Modulation Spectroscopy.- 3. The Saturation Pulse Method and Separation of Different Forms of Nonphotochemical Quenching.- a) The Saturation Pulse Method.- b) Separation of Different Forms of Nonphotochemical Quenching.- 4. Plant Stress Investigations.- a) Fluorescence as a Nondestructive Tool in Stress Research.- b) Photoinhibition and Photoinhibitory Quenching.- 5. Photosynthetic Rate Determination from Fluorescence Measurements.- a) Expressions for Rate Determination on the Basis of Quenching Analysis.- b) Comparison of Effective Quantum Yields of PS I and PS II.- 6. Mechanisms of Regulated Radiationless Energy Dissipation.- 7. Membrane Energization and Nonassimilatory Fluxes.- 8. Outlook.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis: Carbon Metabolism Twenty Years of Following Carbon Cycles in Photosynthetic Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Uptake of CO2.- a) Cyanobacteria.- b) Eukaryotes.- c) Carbonic Anhydrase.- 3. RuBP Carboxylase.- a) Regulation of RuBP Carboxylase Activity.- 4. Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- a) Light-Mediated Regulation.- 5. Chloroplast Starch.- 6. Cytosolic Sucrose Biosynthesis: Control by Cytosolic FBPase and Sucrose-P-Synthase.- 7. Mitochondrial Respiration.- 8. Photorespiration.- 9. Stress and Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism.- 10. C4 Photosynthesis.- a) PEP Carboxylase.- 11. C3–C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis.- 12. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- 13. Concluding Comment.- References.- V. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 2. Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- 3. Nitrogen Fixation in Symbiosis.- 4. Denitrification.- 5. Nitrification.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances Further Topics of the Phenylpropanoid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Quinones.- 3. Lignans.- 4. Capsaicinoids.- References.- VII. Mineral Nutrition: Tropical Savannas.- 1. Introduction: The Concept of Savanna.- 2. Recent Reviews on Savannas in General and Nutrients in Particular.- 3. Savanna Soils and the Concept of Nutrient Availability.- 4. Correlations Between Soil Fertility and Savanna Composition and Structure.- 5. Grassland Productivity and Nutrient Availability.- 6. Biological Interactions Regulating Nutrient Availability in Savanna Environments.- a) Grass-Tree Interactions.- b) Mound-Building Termites and Leaf-Cutting Ants.- c) Mycorrhiza.- d) N2-Fixation by Legume-Rhizobia Associations.- e) N2-Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- 7. Nutrient Cycling and the Effect of Fire: Are Savannas Sources or Sinks for Biogenic Nutrients?.- a) Nitrogen Losses Through Denitrification and Ammonification.- b) Nitrogen Losses Through Fire.- c) Nitrogen Balances.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- VIII. Developmental Physiology: Signal Transduction.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Perception of the Signal.- a) Growth Substances.- b) Pathogens.- 3. Transformation of the Signal.- 4. Amplification of the Signal: Secondary Messengers.- a) Phosphoinositides.- b) Ca2+.- c) Fatty Acid-Derived Second Messengers.- d) Sphingolipids.- e) pH.- f) Electrical Fields and Waves.- 5. The Transduction of the Signal: Protein Kinases.- 6. The Target(s) and the Cellular Response.- 7. Outlook.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bacterial Conjugation.- 3. The Origin of Transfer.- 4. Transfer Replication.- 5. Regulation of DNA Transfer.- 6. Summary.- References.- II. Recombination: Sexual Reproduction — a Tool for Outcrossing and Recombination of Genetic Material.- 1. Introduction: The Benefits of Sexual Reproduction.- 2. Genetic Control of Sexual Reproduction — the Mating Type Genes.- a) The Ascomycetous Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.- b) The Ascomycetous Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.- c) Filamentous Ascomycetes: Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina.- d) The Hemibasidiomycete Ustilago maydis.- e) Holobasidiomycetes: Coprinus cinereus and Schizophillum commune.- 3. The Significance of Mating Type Switching.- 4. Unlike Other Genes, Intragenic Recombination May Be Prevented in Mating Type Genes.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- III. Isolation of Plant Genes by T-DNA and Transposon Mutagenesis — Gene Tagging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. T-DNA Mutagenesis.- a) T-DNA Integration.- b) T-DNA-Mediated Gene Tagging.- 3. Transposon Mutagenesis.- a) Transposons.- b) Transposon-Mediated Gene Tagging.- 4. Prospects.- References.- IV. Function of the Genetic Material: Transposable Elements in Lower Eukaryotes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. LTR-Transposons.- 3. Non-LTR Retrotransposons.- 4. Origin and Evolution of Retroelements.- 5. Transcription and Expression of Retrotransposon Functions.- 6. Reverse Transcription and Integration.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mitochondrial Genomes.- a) Complete DNA Sequence of Mitochondrial DNA from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Marchantia polymorpha.- b) Paternal Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA.- 3. Mitochondrial Mutants of Higher Plants.- 4. Components for Mitochondrial Transcription and Replication: an Evolutionary Mosaic in Yeast.- 5. RNA Processing and Splicing.- 6. RNA Editing.- 7. Regulation of Mitochondrial Translation by Nuclear Genes.- 8. Protein Import into Mitochondria.- References.- VI. Extranuclear Inheritance: Linear Protein-Primed Replicating Genomes in Plants and Microorganisms.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Occurrence and Structure.- 3. Replication Mechanism.- 4. Prokaryotic Linear Elements.- 5. Cytoplasmic Elements.- a) Fundamentals.- b) Applied Aspects.- 6. Mitochondrial Plasmids.- 7. Phylogenetic Relationships.- 8. Prospects.- References.- VII. Molecular Genetics of Phytopathogenic Fungi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Genetic Methods: New Tools for the Study of Fungus-Plant Interactions.- 3. Applications and Achievements.- a) Identification and Characterization of an Avirulence Gene.- b) Cutinase and Penetration.- c) Toxins.- d) Phytoalexin Metabolism.- e) DsRNA Involved in Hypovirulence.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Morphology, Anatomy.- 3. Chemistry.- 4. Systematics and Evolution.- a) General.- b) Monographs, Revisions.- c) Cytology.- d) Fossil Bryophytes.- 5. Floristics.- 6. Geography.- 7. Ecology.- a) General.- b) Pollution.- References.- II. Systematics of the Pteridophytes.- 1. Systematics.- 2. Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature.- 3. Floristics.- 4. Geography and Ecology.- 5. Morphology and Anatomy.- 6. Chemotaxonomy.- 7. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Hybridization.- 8. Folklore, Uses.- 9. Fern Allies.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Paleoecology of the Younger Part of the Last Glaciation.- 2. Last Interglacial and the Beginning of the Last Glaciation.- 3. Pleistocene Vegetation History of Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia.- 4. Problems of the European Middle Pleistocene Vegetation History.- 5. Correlation of Old and Middle Pleistocene Sediments.- 6. Paleoecology of Southeasternmost Europe and Middle Asia.- 7. Human Influences on Natural Ecosystems and the History of Soils.- References.- II. Plant Geography.- 1. Trends of Investigation.- 2. Terminology.- 3. Taxonomic and Floristic Foundations of Plant Geography.- a) New Findings and Range Extensions.- b) Distribution of Marine Algae.- c) New Floras.- ?) Large Monographic Floras.- ?) Regional Flora Handbooks.- ?) Local and State Floras (Eurasia and Australia).- 4. Plant Distribution Mapping.- a) Grid Mapping Projects.- b) Dot Maps.- c) Discussion of the Distribution Patterns.- 5. Chorology and Taxonomy.- 6. Reconstruction of Geographic Origin and Migration Routes.- 7. Vicariance Biogeography and Geographic Speciation.- 8. Sernander’s Nunatak Hypothesis.- 9. Ecological Factors of Plant Distribution.- a) Climate.- b) Edaphic Factors.- c) Dispersal.- 10. Man’s Impact on Plant Distribution.- 11. Phytogeographic Subdivision of the Continents.- References.- III. Ecological Aspects of Nitrogen Nutrition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Use of the Stable 15N Isotope in Ecophysiological Research.- a) Methodology.- b) Nitrogen Fixation in Natural Ecosystems.- c) Insectivorous Plants.- d) Parasitic Plants.- 3. Nitrogen Assimilation and Nitrogen Allocation in Relation to Photosynthesis and Plant Performance.- a) Nitrate or Ammonium?.- b) NO3- Assimilation Where?.- c) Nitrogen Allocation.- 4. Nitrogen Deposition.- 5. Outlook.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Floral Ecology Report on the Years 1988 (1987) to 1991 (1992).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Functional Aspects of Flowers and Inflorescences, Flower Longevity, Metabolism, and Movement.- 3. Means of Attraction, Rewards.- a) Color Vision, Visual Patterns, and Pigmentation.- b) Production of Scent and Heat.- c) Nectaries and Nectar.- d) Oil Secretion and Oil-Flowers.- e) Pollen and Pollen Presentation.- 4. Pollinator Behavior, Pollinator Efficiency, Flower Constancy, Foraging Strategies.- 5. Flower Classes and Their Evolution.- a) Zoophily.- ?) Evolution and Pollination of Early Angiosperms; Cantharophily, Flies and Thrips as Flower Visitors.- ?) Melittophily and Ant Pollination.- ?) Psychophily, Sphingophily, and Phalenophily.- ?) Ornithophily.- ?) Mammal Pollination and Visits of Lizards.- b) Anemophily and Hydrophily.- 6. Pollination of Particular Groups; Flower Biological Radiation.- a) Differentiation of Various Angiosperms at the Species, Genus, and Family Level.- b) Ficus.- c) Orchids.- d) Economy of Pollination and Crop Plants.- 7. Breeding Systems and Gender Distribution.- a) Pollen-Pistil Interaction.- b) Incompatibility Versus Compatibility, Cleistogamy; Apomixis.- c) Heterostyly.- d) Sex Distribution; Monoecism Versus Dioecism, and the Costs and Benefits of Reproduction.- 8. Pollination Studies at the Community Level, Distribution of Flower Types, Flowering Phenology, and Nature Preservation.- References.- II a. Mycorrhizae: Ectomycorrhiza and Ectendomycorrhiza.- 1. Ectomycorrhiza.- a) Symbiotic Organisms and Morphology/Anatomy of the Symbiotic Organs.- ?) Keys, Including Detailed Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Comprehensive Descriptions of Selected Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Unidentified Ectomycorrhizae Named Binomially.- ?) Verification of Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Fungi, Including Short Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Strain Variability of Fungi Regarding Ectomycorrhizae Formation.- ?) Verification of Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Some Selected Plants, Including Short Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Influence of Tree Clones on Ectomycorrhiza Formation.- b) Ontongeny and Ultrastructure.- c) Pigments.- d) Nucleic Acid Researches.- e) Physiology.- ?) Protoplasts.- ?) Substances Assumed as Important for Formation of Ectomycorrhizae.- i) Hormones.- ii) Phenolics.- ?) Recognition.- ?) Enzymes.- ?) Carbon Nutrition of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Growth Responses of Plants.- ?) Phosphate Nutrition.- ?) Nitrogen Nutrition.- ?) Micronutrients.- ?) Water.- f) Ecology.- ?) Ecological Laboratory Research.- ?) Researches in Natural Habitats.- ?) Coexistence with Other Organisms.- i) Fungi.- ii) Bacteria.- iii) Animals.- iv) Plants.- ?) Influences by Man.- i) Fertilization with Lime or Nitrogen.- ii) Pesticides.- iii) Pollution.- iv) Afforestation, Clear-Cut.- g) Methods.- h) Reviews.- 2. Ectendomycorrhiza.- 3. Some Highlights of This Report Period.- References.- II b. Symbioses: Mycorrhizae.- 1. VA-Mycorrhizae.- a) Taxonomy of Endophytes.- b) Physiology and Effects on Plants.- c) Ecology.- 2. Ericales-Mycorrhizae.- 3. Orchidaceae-Mycorrhizae.- References.