Tourism and Ethnodevelopment
Inclusion, Empowerment and Self-determination
Routledge Advances in Tourism and Anthropology Series

Ethnodevelopment is a well-established concept in the field of development studies. Despite its relevance to tourism initiatives and processes in the Global South, it continues to be an underutilised concept in the field.

This book bridges this gap, presenting an original conceptual framework to study the relationship between tourism and ethnodevelopment. It focuses on the processes of inclusion, empowerment, self-expression and self-determination to explore the effects of tourism initiatives on the identities, cultural resilience, livelihoods and economic opportunities of ethnic minority communities. Chapters explore a range of concepts and issues such as gender, authenticity, indigenous knowledge, tradition, the commodification of culture, community-based tourism, local entrepreneurship, cultural heritage, and tourism and the environment. Drawing on rich primary research conducted across South East Asia and South and Central America the book offers detailed evaluations of the successes and failures of various tourism policies and practices.

This book makes a valuable contribution for students, scholars, practitioners and policy-makers alike interested in tourism, development studies, geography and anthropology.

Introduction 1. Tourism and Ethnodevelopment: an Introduction Part I: Institutionalised Ethnic Tourism and Advances in Ethnodevelopment: Policies, Communities, Organisations 2. Development for whom? Tourism Used as a social Intervention for the Development of Indigenous/Rural Communities in Natural Protected Areas 3. Territorial Management and Brazilian Public Policy for Ethnotourism and Ecotourism in Indigenous Lands: the Pataxó Case in Bahia. 4. Empowerment through community-based ecotourism in a globalised world global-local nexus - Three Thai Villages as case studies 5. Environmental Stewardship, Indigenous Tourism Planning and the Fakcha Llakta Community: an Ethnic Endogenous Development Model in Otavalo-Imbabura, Ecuador 6. Missio-tourism among ethnic Karen in Thailand: A bridge to empowerment, development and self-determination or promotion of assistencialism? 7. Empowerment, Participation and Barriers: Ethnic Minority Community-based Ecotourism Development in Laos PDR Part II: Ethnic entrepreneurship, Tourism and Ethnodevelopment 8. Indigenous Micro Tourism Businesses, Ethnodevelopment and NGOs: Projectitis in Lago Budi in Chile 9. Understanding the host community’s experiences of creating small autochthonous tourism enterprises in Lombok, Indonesia 10. Community Entrepreneurship, Female Elite and Cultural Inheritance: Mosuo Women's Empowerment and Hand-Weaving Factory 11. Sámi Indigenous Tourism Empowerment in the Nordic Countries through Labelling Systems: Strengthening Ethnic Enterprises and Activities Part III: Empowerment approaches in Ethnic Tourism: Issues of Authenticity, Cultural Commodification and Gender 12. Exotic Tourist, Ethnic Hosts: a Critical Approach to Tourism and Ethnodevelopment 13. The legacy of black people and dialectic inclusion-exclusion in the building of the cultural heritage of a tourist destination in Vale do Paraíba 14. Tourism in the Fond Gens Libre Indigenous Community in Saint Lucia: Examining Impacts and Empowerment 15. Enthnodevelopment in Kalunga’s Community-based Tourism: From a Past marked by Slavery to Ethnic Group Struggles for Empowerment and Recognition Conclusion 16. Tourism and Ethnodevelopment: Advances in the Field and Concluding Highlights

Ismar Borges de Lima is Professor of Regional Development and Population Studies at the Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará (UNIFESSPA), Brazil. He is also Director of the International Foundation for Research on Science, Nature and Tourism, RECINATUR, Brazil and Member of MULTIAMAZON/UERR Lab for Research in the Amazonian Basin. He holds a PhD in Geography and Tourism from the University of Waikato, New Zealand, and has held positions as a postdoctoral researcher and Adjunct Lecturer at the School of Business and Tourism, Southern Cross University, Australia.

Victor T. King is Emeritus Professor in the School of Languages, Cultures and Societies, University of Leeds, UK; Professorial Research Associate in the Centre of South East Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK; Adjunct Professor in the Center for Ethnic Studies and Development, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; and Distinguished Visiting Fellow in the Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei.