Varieties of Democracy
Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change

Varieties of Democracy is the essential user's guide to The Varieties of Democracy project (V-Dem), one of the most ambitious data collection efforts in comparative politics. This global research collaboration sparked a dramatic change in how we study the nature, causes, and consequences of democracy. This book is ambitious in scope: more than a reference guide, it raises standards for causal inferences in democratization research and introduces new, measurable, concepts of democracy and many political institutions. Varieties of Democracy enables anyone interested in democracy - teachers, students, journalists, activists, researchers and others - to analyze V-Dem data in new and exciting ways. This book creates opportunities for V-Dem data to be used in education, research, news analysis, advocacy, policy work, and elsewhere. V-Dem is rapidly becoming the preferred source for democracy data.

1. Introduction: the story of Varieties of Democracy Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg and Carl Henrik Knutsen; 2. Conceptual scheme John Gerring, Svend-Erik Skaaning, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Michael Coppedge, Carl-Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Kelly McMann and Jan Teorell; 3. Data collection Staffan I. Lindberg, Valeriya Mechkova, Natalia Stepanova, Jan Teorell, Michael Coppedge and Carl Henrik Knutsen; 4. The measurement model and reliability Daniel Pemstein, Kyle Marquardt, Brigitte Seim, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang and Farhad Miri; 5. Dimensions and components of democracy Jan Teorell; 6. Data validation Brigitte Seim, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro Neto, Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Matthew Maguire, Daniel Pemstein, Jan Teorell and Eitan Tzelgov; 7. Explanatory analysis with Varieties of Democracy data Michael Coppedge, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen and Daniel Pemstein.

Michael Coppedge is Professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). He is the author of Democratization and Research Methods (Cambridge, 2012).
John Gerring is Professor of Government at the University of Texas, Austin, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His work extends across comparative politics, political history, and methodology.
Adam Glynn is Associate Professor of Political Science and Quantitative Theory and Methods at Emory University, Atlanta, and Project Manager for Methodology of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines causal inference and sampling/survey designs for political science applications.
Carl Henrik Knutsen is Professor of Political Science at Universitetet i Oslo, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines the economic effects of political institutions and regimes, policy-making in autocracies, and processes of regime change.
Staffan I. Lindberg is Director of the V-Dem Institute and Professor of Political Science at Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden, and co-Principal Investigator of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). His research examines topics ranging from elections, democratization, and civil society, to women's representation and voting behavior.
Daniel Pemstein is Associate Professor of Political Science at North Dakota State University, and Project Manager for Measurement Methods of the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). He specializes in measurement and builds statistical tools to study political institutions, parties, and careers.
Brigitte Seim is Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Project Manager for Experiments of Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). Her research examines the relationship between citizens and political officials.
Svend-Erik Skaaning is Professor of Political Science at Aarhus Un