Water Purification by Ion Exchange, 1968

This book is an attempt to fill a gap in the existing literature on ion exchange. The many excellent works already available are of three main types, general introductions to the subject, specialist discussions of analytical and laboratory techniques, and advanced theoretical treatises. In practice, in spite of the vast number of processes which have been developed for la bora tory use, 99 per cent of all ion exchange resins produced in the world are used in water treatment, or closely allied applications. This book is intended as a general survey of the principles governing the practical uses of ion exchange resins, for the benefit of students encountering the subject for the first time, and for the chemists and engineers in many branches of industry whose work brings them into contact with water treatment, but who do not have the time to study more advanced volumes of basic theory. The background presented has been simplified to the maximum extent found possible without falsification, and an attempt has been made to relate each aspect of theory to its practical consequences in full scale water treatment. Mathematical methods have been avoided and pictorial or graphical presentation methods used wherever possible. As the book is concerned with general principles, rather than details of any particular research work, references to original papers and patents have been omitted except in the cases of special processes, which have a single clearly defined origin.

1. Industrial Waters.- Hard Water.- Soft Water.- Units.- Typical Waters and Their Uses.- Laundering, Wool Scouring, Bottle Washing, etc..- Chemical Processing, Metal finishing, etc..- Boiler Feed Water.- 2. The Ion Exchange Process.- The Development of Ion Exchange Resins.- 3. Equilibria and Kinetics, as Applied to Water Treatment.- General Cation Exchange.- Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Sulphonic Resin.- Hydrogen Ion Exchange, Carboxylic Resins.- General Anion Exchange.- Hydroxide Ion Exchange, Strong Base Resins.- Acid Absorption, Weak Base Resins.- Kinetics.- 4. Unit Water Treatment Processes.- Water Softening by Sodium Exchange.- Alkalinity Removal with Carboxylic Resins.- Sulphonic Resins.- Hydrogen Ion Exchange.- Acid Absorption by Weak Base Resins.- Acid Absorption by Strong Base Resins.- Mixed Beds.- 5. Combination Processes.- 1. Weak Acid Cation. Sodium Exchange Cation. Degas (WAC-Na-DG).- 2. Strong Acid Cation. Weak Base Anion. Degas (SAC-WBA-DG).- 3. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Strong Base Anion (SAC-DG-SBA).- 4. Strong Acid Cation. Weak Base Anion. Degas. Mixed Bed (SAC-WBA-DG-MB).- 5. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Strong Base Anion Mixed Bed (SAC-DG-SBA-MB).- 6. Weak Acid Cation. Degas. Mixed Bed (WAC-DG-MB).- 7. Weak Acid Cation. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Anion. Mixed Bed (WAC-SAC-Degas-(WBA)-MB) (SBA2) (SBA1).- 8. Strong Acid Cation. Weak Base Anion. Mixed bed. Mixed Bed (SAC-WBA-MB-MB).- 9. Strong Acid Cation. Degas. Weak Base Anion. Strong Base Anion (SAC-DG-WBA-SBA).- 6. Organic Poisoning of Anion Exchange Resins.- The Problem.- Organic Matter in Water.- Poisoning of Resins.- Cleaning Poisoned Resins.- The Effect of Resin Structure.- Non-poisoning Resins.- The Protection of Mixed Beds.- Prevention of Poisoning, Summary.- 7. Equipment and Special Processes.- Standard Resin Columns.- Counterflow Units.- Continuous Ion Exchange.- Advantages of Continuous Ion Exchange.- Special Problems of Continuous Ion Exchange.- Types of Continuous Plant.- Condensate Polishing for High Pressure Boilers.- Brackish Water Desalination by Ion Exchange.- Electrodialysis.- 8. Industrial Applications.- The Treatment of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds.- Recovery of Water and By-products from Industrial Wastes.- Chromium Plating, Recovery of Water.- Anodizing, Recovery of Water and Chromic Acid.- Gold Plating, Recovery of Gold.- Photographic Solutions, Recovery of Silver.- Reactivition of Metal Finishing Solutions.- Recovery of Metals by Complex Anion Formation.- Elution Chromatography.- Ion Exchange as a Manufacturing Process.- Liquid Liquid Ion Exchange.