Workplace Health Promotion Programs
Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

Workplace Health Promotion Programs focuses on the incredible value that employee health programs can offer by exploring six key topics: behavioral health, physical health, healthy environments, health education, nutritional health, and physical activity. This in-depth resource explicitly establishes what successful workplace health promotion programs, services, and collaborations are, and then builds upon this foundational understanding by introducing methods and tools for promoting employee health and safety, while emphasizing the skills students need to do so. Through this resource, students will come to understand how to recognize employee health and safety opportunities, and how to think on a larger scale when it comes to workplace health initiatives in small, midsized, and larger employers that are comprehensive and fiscally sound.

Workplace health promotion programs have the potential to both improve the health of the population as a whole and control healthcare spending in the process. Health problems are estimated to cost employers in the United States over $200 billion per year through medical costs, absenteeism, disability, and overall reduced productivity. Improving well-being through effective workplace health promotion programs can reduce this cost?and create healthier, happier workforces.

• Discover the design, implementation, and evaluation of workplace health promotion programs that address the range of employee health needs and concerns
• Understand how evidence-based programs can positively impact business and reduce health care cost
• Explore the larger scale implications of successful workplace health programs, including health policies, health insurance design, worker safety, employee behavior, etc.
• Learn how together employers and employees work to create a culture of health and well-being to support and promote employee health and safety
• Review the ways in which successful workplace health promotion programs can prove financially beneficial

Workplace Health Promotion Programs is a resource that guides students and professionals alike in the discovery, development, and execution of successful employee health initiatives.

Figures, Tables, Boxes, and Exhibits xvii

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxvix

About the Author xxxi

Part One: Foundation 1

Chapter 1 Workplace Health Promotion Program Foundations 3

What AreWorkplace Health Promotion Programs? 3

Historical Context for Workplace Health Promotion 5

Impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on Workplace Health Promotion 13

Workplace Health Promotion Controversies and Pitfalls 16

Summary 20

For Practice and Discussion 21

Case Study: What Is a Workplace Health Promotion Program?—WhatWould You Do? 22

Key Terms 23

References 23

Chapter 2 Health Promotion Approaches, Theories, and Models Applied toWorkplace Health Promotion 27

Workplace Health Promotion Approaches 27

Health Theory’s Role in Workplace Health Promotion Programs 36

Workplace Health Promotion Program Planning Models 40

Guidelines for Choosing Approaches, Theories, and Models 45

Summary 50

For Practice and Discussion 50

Case Study: Using Health Approaches, Theory, and Models—WhatWould You Do? 50

Key Terms 51

References 52

Chapter 3 Human ResourceManagementMakes Health a Priority 53

Human Resources, the Workplace Health Promotion Program’s Gatekeeper 53

Human Resource Management and Human Resource Departments 54

Human Resource ProfessionsWith Responsibilities for Workplace Health Promotion 57

Health Insurance Benefits and Providers 63

Four Human Resource Management Actions for Quality Workplace Health Promotion Programs 66

Summary 71

For Practice and Discussion 72

Case Study: Strategic Human ResourceManagement—What Would You Do? 73

Key Terms 74

References 74

Part Two: Planning 77

Chapter 4 Program Planning and Initial Actions 79

Workplace Health Promotion Program Planning Elements and Management 79

Data Gathering Equals Needs Assessments 84

Workplace Health Readiness 88

Workplace Capacity for Health 93

Summary 99

For Practice and Discussion 99

Case Study: Program Planning Needs Assessment Challenges—WhatWould You Do? 100

Key Terms 101

References 102

Chapter 5 Assessing the Strength of Workplace Health Promotion Champions, Advocates, Culture, and Climate 105

Champions and Advocates for Workplace Health Promotion 105

Health PromotingWorkplace Culture and Climate 106

Importance of Workplace Health Policy and Procedures 113

Legal Issues in Health Policies and Procedures 117

Summary 125

For Practice and Discussion 126

Case Study: Finding Champions and Advocates—What Would You Do? 127

Key Terms 127

References 127

Chapter 6 Assessing Workplace Health Promotion Teams, Partnerships, and Collaborations 129

Teams, Partnerships, and Collaborations: A Socioecological Approach to Promote Employee and Employer Health 129

Workplace Teams 130

Partnerships: What to Look For 138

Collaborations Work at the Regional, State, National, and International Level 143

Summary 146

For Practice and Discussion 146

Case Study: Newly Promoted National Health and Safety Director—WhatWould You Do? 148

Key Terms 148

References 149

Chapter 7 Assessing Employee Health Needs and Transition to Implementation 151

Employee Health Needs Assessment Data and Sources 151

UseNeeds Assessment Results to Support andMake Program Decisions 159

What to Expect to Have and to Know at the Conclusion of the Planning Process 170

Summary 172

For Practice and Discussion 172

Case Study: Employee Participation in HRA and Biometric Screening—What Would You Do? 173

Key Terms 174

References 174

Part Three: Implementation 177

Chapter 8 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Physical Health 179

Program Implementation: Physical Health Priority 179

Evidence-Based Physical Health Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services 180

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidence-Based Physical Health Interventions and Practices 189

Physical Health Priority Implementation Challenges 191

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 194

Summary 196

For Practice and Discussion 196

Case Study: Walmart Corporation Health Centers—What Would You Do? 197

Key Terms 198

References 198

Chapter 9 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Mental and Behavioral Health 201

Program Implementation: Mental and Behavioral Health Priority 201

Evidence-Based Mental and Behavioral Health Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services 202

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions and Practices 212

Mental and Behavioral Health Priority Implementation Challenges 213

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 216

Summary 217

For Practice and Discussion 218

Case Study: Employer and Employee Mental Health Promotion—WhatWould You Do? 219

Key Terms 220

References 220

Chapter 10 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Physical Activity 223

Program Implementation: Physical Activity Priority 223

Evidence-Based Physical Activity Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services 224

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidence-Based Physical Activity Interventions and Practices 231

Physical Activity Priority Implementation Challenges 233

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 236

Summary 238

For Practice and Discussion 238

Case Study: Encouraging Employees’PhysicalActivity—What Would You Do? 239

Key Terms 240

References240

Chapter 11 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Nutrition 243

Program Implementation: Nutrition Priority 243

Evidence-Based Nutrition Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services 244

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidence-Based Nutrition Interventions and Practices 252

Nutrition Implementation Challenges 254

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 256

Summary 258

For Practice and Discussion 259

Case Study: Nutrition Program Implementation—What Would You Do? 260

Key Terms 261

References 261

Chapter 12 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Physically Healthy and Safe Environments 265

Physically Healthy and Safe Workplace Environments Priority 265

Evidence-Based Physically Healthy and Safe Workplace Environment Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services 267

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidence-Based Physically Healthy and Safe Workplace Interventions and Practices 273

Physically Healthy and Safe Workplace Environment Priority Implementation Challenges 274

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 279

Summary 282

For Practice and Discussion 282

Case Study: Safety Inspector Career Guidance Unit—What Would You Do? 284

Key Terms 285

References 285

Chapter 13 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Psychologically Healthy and Safe Environments 287

Program Implementation: Psychologically Healthy and Safe Workplace Environments Priority 287

Evidence-Based Psychologically Healthy and Safe Environment Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services 288

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidenced-Based Psychologically Healthy and Safe Workplace Interventions and Practices 295

Psychologically Healthy and Safe Workplace Environment Priority Implementation Challenges 296

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 301

Summary 303

For Practice and Discussion 303

Case Study: Sexual Images and Videos on Employee Computer—What Would You Do? 304

Key Terms 305

References 305

Chapter 14 Workplace Health Promotion Program Implementation Health Priority: Health Education in an eHealth Environment 309

Program Implementation: Health Education Priority in an eHealth Environment 309

Evidence-Based Health Education Policies, Practices, Interventions, and Services in an eHealth Environment 311

Factory Floor- and Office-Level Evidence-Based Health Education Interventions and Practices 317

Health Education Priority Implementation Challenges in an eHealth Environment 320

Advocacy and Resource Partnerships and Organizations 324

Summary 325

For Practice and Discussion 325

Case Study: Union and Employee eHealth Concerns—What Would You Do? 326

Key Terms 327

References 327

Part Four: Evaluation 331

Chapter 15 Best Practices in Workplace Health Promotion Program Evaluation 333

Population Health Management Evaluation Framework 333

Two Main Purposes of Program Evaluation: Improvement and Accountability 336

Economic Evaluations Including Return on Investment 339

Feasible, Scalable, Sustainable, and Scientific Workplace Evaluations 346

Strategic Alignment, Innovation, and Business Intelligence and Knowledge Management 348

Summary 349

For Practice and Discussion 350

Case Study: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Program Evaluation Influence—WhatWould You Do? 351

Key Terms 352

References 352

Chapter 16 Big Data,Health Information Management,Health Informatics, and Workplace Health Promotion 355

Big Data forWorkplace Health Promotion 355

Health Information Management and Health Informatics Professionals: Big Data Professional Fields 360

How Big Data Can Enhance the Impact and Sustainability of Workplace Health Promotion Programs 363

Workplace Health Promotion Big Data Evaluation Challenges 364

Big Data Applications and Services forWorkplace Health Promotion 367

Summary 370

For Practice and Discussion 370

Case Study: Getting the Data You Need and Can Use—What Would You Do? 371

Key Terms 372

References 372

Part Five: Workplaces 375

Chapter 17 Small and Midsized Employers and Health Promotion 377

How Small and Midsized Employers Promote Employee Health 377

HowtoWorkWith Small and Midsized Employers to Promote Worker Health 383

Challenges and Opportunities for Small and Midsized Employer Health Promotion Programs 386

Small and Midsized Employer Workplace Health Promotion Tools and Resources 389

Summary 393

For Practice and Discussion394

Case Study: Small Business Exhaustion—WhatWould You Do? 395

Key Terms 395

References395

Chapter 18 Hospital Employee Health Promotion Programs 399

How Hospitals Promote Employee Health 399

How toWorkWith Hospitals to Promote Employee Health 401

Challenges and Opportunities for Hospital Employee Health Promotion Programs 410

Hospital Employee Health Promotion Tools and Resources 412

Summary 415

For Practice and Discussion 416

Case Study: Hospital Worker Sleep Hygiene Program—What Would You Do? 416

Key Terms 417

References 417

Chapter 19 Federal Government Employee Health Promotion 421

How the Federal Government Promotes Employee Health 421

How to Work With the Federal Government to Promote Employee Health 427

Challenges and Opportunities for Federal Employee Workplace Health Promotion Programs 432

Federal Government EmployeeWorkplace Health Promotion Tools and Resources 435

Summary 438

For Practice and Discussion 438

Case Study: Getting a Job Working at FedStrive—What Would You Do? 439

Key Terms 440

References 440

Chapter 20 School and UniversityWorkplace Employee Health Promotion 443

How Schools and Universities Promote Employee Health 443

How to Work With Schools and Universities to Promote Employee Health 447

School and UniversityWorkplace Employee Health Promotion Program Challenges and Opportunities 454

Schools and UniversityWorkplace Employee Health Promotion Tools and Resources 458

Summary 460

For Practice and Discussion 461

Case Study: Innovative Teacher and Staff Health Promotion Program Recruitment—What Would You Do? 461

Key Terms 462

References 462

Index 465

CARL I. FERTMAN, PHD, MBA, MCHES, is associate professor in health and physical activity at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Fertman works extensively in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of workplace health promotion programs that include large, midsized, and small businesses, hospitals, schools, community organizations, government offices, and sole proprietorships. He is the co-editor of the SOPHE textbook published by Wiley/Jossey-Bass, Health Promotion Programs: From Theory to Practice.