Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle, 2010
Mass Flows, Environmental Processes, Mitigation and Treatment Strategies
Environmental Pollution Series, Vol. 16

The history of chemistry and pharmaceutical sciences is an impressive success story. The products of chemical and pharmaceutical industries are present eve- where in our everyday life. They help to pursue the modern way of living and they contribute to our high standard of living and safety, mobility, communication te- nologies, food, health, textiles and drinking water treatment, among many others. These products are labeled under the categories: pharmaceuticals, pesticides, det- gents, fertilizers, dyes, paints, preservatives, food additives and personal care pr- ucts, to name a few. Within these categories, groups of chemicals with similar structures can be found. However, often groups of chemicals with very different structures belong to the same category. For a long time the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, their usage and application was connected with the heavy pollution of the environment and serious health effects. At the end of the last century, it was realised that the products of che- cal and pharmaceutical industries are presenting a new type of environmental pol- tion that may also pose a health risk to the consumer. Most chemicals are used in so-called open applications in excessive amounts e. g. for personal care, hygiene, plant protection, health and in textiles. In many cases such as scents, detergents, textile chemicals, surface disinfectants, pesticides and others it is unavoidable that these chemicals are released into the environment according to their intended use.

Occurrence Concentrations, Sources and Fluxes of Xenobiotics in Urban Waters.- Quantitative Mass Flows of Selected Xenobiotics in Urban Waters and Waste Water Treatment Plants.- Identifying and Classifying the Sources and Uses of Xenobiotics in Urban Environments.- Illicit Drugs in the Urban Water Cycle.- Precious Metals in Urban Aquatic Systems: Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium: Sources, Occurrence, Bioavailability and Effects.- Fate and Effects of Little Investigated Scents in the Aquatic Environment.- Sources and Occurrence of Cyanotoxins Worldwide.- Occurrence and Measurements of Organic Xenobiotic Compounds in Harbour and Coastal Sediments.- Determination of Sources and Emissions of Persistent Organic Contaminants by Means of Sewage Sludge: Results from a Monitoring Network.- Fate, Effects and Risks of Xenobiotics in Urban Waters.- Metabolic and Co-metabolic Degradation of Industrially Important Chlorinated Organics Under Aerobic Conditions.- Photochemical Transformation of Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: Reaction Pathways and Intermediates.- The Challenge of the Identification and Quantification of Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry.- Transport and Fate of Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle: Studies in Halle/Saale and Leipzig (Germany).- Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Urban Water Cycles: A Discussion of Novel Concepts for Environmental Risk Assessment.- Hydroxy Benzoate Preservatives (Parabens) in the Environment: Data for Environmental Toxicity Assessment.- Treatment Methods.- Efficiency of Removal of Compounds with Estrogenic Activity During Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Various Removal Techniques.- Criteria for Designing Sewage Treatment Plants for Enhanced Removal of Organic Micropollutants.- Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview.- Membrane BioReactors: A Cost-Effective Solution to Enhance the Removal of Xenobiotics from Urban Wastewaters?.- Removal of Xenobiotics from Wastewater in Sequencing Batch Reactors: Conventional and Two-Phase Configurations.- Fate and Occurrence of Surfactants-Derived Alkylphenolic Compounds in Conventional and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Wastewater Treatment Plants.- Removal of Xenobiotic Compounds from Water and Wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Processes.- Biological, Chemical and Photochemical Treatment of Commercially Important Naphthalene Sulphonates.- Uptake of Xenobiotics from Polluted Waters by Plants.- Treatment Techniques and Analysis of Stormwater Run-off from Roads in Hamburg, Germany.- Mitigation Measures – Technical and Socioeconomic Instruments.- Options for Mitigation: An Overview of Measures.- Outlook.- Outlook.- Erratum to: Chapter 12 Transport and Fate of Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle: Studies in Halle/Saale and Leipzig (Germany).

Includes discussion on compounds that have only recently been investigated, such as illicit drugs Stimulates the discussion on the causes and solutions to the problem Includes 25 chapters by international experts Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras