Plasma and Spot Phenomena in Electrical Arcs, 1st ed. 2020 Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics Series, Vol. 113
Langue : Anglais
Auteur : Beilis Isak
This book is devoted to a thorough investigation of the physics and applications of the vacuum arc ? a highly-ionized metallic plasma source used in a number of applications ? with emphasis on cathode spot phenomena and plasma formation. The goal is to understand the origins and behavior of the various complex and sometimes mysterious phenomena involved in arc formation, such as cathode spots, electrode vaporization, and near-electrode plasma formation. The book takes the reader from a model of dense cathode plasma based on charge-exchange ion-atom collisions through a kinetic approach to cathode vaporization and on to metal thermophysical properties of cathodes. This picture is further enhanced by an in-depth study of cathode jets and plasma acceleration, the effects of magnetic fields on cathode spot behavior, and electrical characteristics of arcs and cathode spot dynamics. The book also describes applications to space propulsion, thin film deposition, laser plasma generation, and magnetohydrodynamics, making this comprehensive and up-to-date volume a valuable resource for researchers in academia and industry.
Preface
Introduction
Part 1. General plasma and solid-plasma interface phenomena
Chapter 1. Base particle-surface and plasma particle effects
1.1 Plasma, particle collisions at the surface and in plasma volume
1.2 Plasma
1.2.1 Quasi-neutrality
1.2.2 Oscillations.
1.2.3 Electron beam-plasma interaction.
1.2.4 Plasma State.
1.3 Surface-particle collisions
1.4 Plasma particle collisions
1.4.1 Charge particle collisions
1.4.2 Electron scattering on atoms
1.4.3 Charge-exchange collisions
1.4.4 Excitation and ionization collisions
1.4.4.1 Classical approach
1.4.4.2 Quantum mechanical approach
1.4.4.3 Experimental data
1.4.5 Electron-ion recombination
1.4.6 Ionization-recombination equilibrium
Chapter 2. Atom and electron emission from the metal surface
2.1 Kinetics of metal vaporization
2.1.1 Non-equilibrium (kinetic) region
2.1.2 Kinetic approaches. Atom evaporations
2.1.3 Kinetic approaches. Evaporations into plasma
2.2 Electron emission
2.2.1 Work function. Electron function distribution
2.2.2 Thermionic or T-emission
2.2.3 Schottky effect. Field or F-emission
2.2.4 Thermionic and Field or TF-emission
2.2.5 Threshold approximation
2.2.6 Individual electron emission
2.2.7 Fowler-Northeim-type equations and their correcting for measured plot analysis
2.2.8 Explosive electron emission
Chapter 3. Arc spot as a local heat source. Heat conduction of a solid body.
3.1 Brief state of the art analysis
3.2 Thermal regime of a semi-finite body. Methods in linearly approximation
3.2.1 Point source. Continuous heating
3.2.2 Normal circular heat source on a body surface.
3.2.3 Instantaneous normal circular heat source on semi-infinity body
3.2.4 Moving normal circular heat source on a semi-infinity body
3.3 Heating of a thin plate
3.3.1 Instantaneous normal circular heat source on a plate
3.3.2 Moving normal circular heat source on a plate
3.4 A normal distributed heat source moving on lateral side of a thin semi-infinite plate
3.4.1 Instantaneous normally distributed heat source on side of a thin semi-infinite plate
3.4.2 Moving continuous normally distributed heat source on thin plate of thickness .
3.4.3 Fixed normal-strip heat source with thickness x0 on semi-infinite body.
3.4.4 Fixed normal-strip heat source with thickness x0 on semi-infinite body limited by plane x=-/2
3.4.5 Fixed normal-strip heat source with thickness x0 on lateral side of finite plate (x0<)
3.4.6 Moving normal-strip heat source on a later plate side of limited thickness (x0<)
3.5 Temperature field calculations. Normal circular heat source on a semi-infinite body
3.5.1 Temperature field in a tungsten
3.5.2 Temperature field in a copper.
3.5.3 Temperature field calculations. Normal heat source on a later side of thin plate and plate with limited thickness
3.5.4 Summary
3.6 Nonlinear heat conduction
3.6.1 Heat conduction problems related to the cathode thermal regime in vacuum arcs
3.6.2 Normal circular heat source action on a semi-infinity body with nonlinear boundary condition
3.6.3 Numerical solution of 3D heat conduction equation with nonlinear boundary condition
References
Chapter 4. The transport equations and diffusion phenomena in multicomponent plasma
4.1 The problem
4.2 Transport phenomena in a plasma. General equations
4.2.1 Equations of particle fluxes for three-components cathode plasma
4.2.2 Transport equations for three-component cathode plasma
4.2.3 Transport equations for five-component cathode plasma
References
Chapter 5. Plasma surface transition at the cathode of a vacuum arc
5.1 Cathode sheath
5.2 Space charge zone at the sheath boundary and the sheath stability
5.3 Two regions. Boundary conditions
5.4 Kinetic approach
5.5 Electrical field.
5.5.1 Collisionless approach
5.5.2 Electric field. Plasma electrons. Particle temperatures
5.5.3 Refractory cathode. Virtual cathode
5.5.3.1 Single charged ions
5.5.3.2 Multi charged ions. Quasineutrality.
5.6 Electrical double layer
References
Chapter 6. Vacuum arc ignition. Electrical breakdown
6.1 Contact triggering of the arc
6.1.1 Triggering of the arc using additional trigger electrode
6.1.2 Initiation of the arc by contact breaking of the main electrodes
6.1.3 Contact phenomena
6.2 Electrical breakdown
6.2.1 Electrical breakdown conditions
6.2.2 General mechanisms of electrical breakdown in a vacuum
6.2.3 Mechanisms of breakdown based on explosive cathode protrusions
6.2.4 Mechanism of anode thermal instability
6.2.5 Electrical breakdown at an insulator surface
6.3 Conclusions
References
Part 2. Electrode spots. Mass and heat losses. Experiment
Chapter 7. Arc and Cathode spot. Current density
7.1 Arc electrical characteristics.
7.1.1 Arc definition.
7.1.2 Arc instability
7.1.3 Arc voltage.
7.1.4 Cathode potential drop
7.1.5 Threshold arc current
7.2 Cathode spots dynamics. Spot velocity
7.2.1 Spot definition
7.2.2 Study of the spots. General experimental approaches
7.2.3 Spot study by high speed images.
7.2.3.1 Early observations of spots on different cathodes
7.2.3.2 Spot types on fresh and cleaned cathode surfaces
7.2.3.3 High temporal and spatial resolution of spots on arc-cleaned cathodes
7.2.4 Autograph observation. Crater sizes
7.2.5 Summary of the spot types studies.
7.2.5.1 Spot image dynamics.
7.2.5.2 Summary of the autographs study
7.2.5.3 Comparison of the results of both approaches
7.2.6 Classification of the spot types by their characteristics
7.3 Cathode spot current density
7.3.1 Spot current density determination.
7.3.2 Image sizes with optical observation
7.3.3 Crater sizes observation
7.3.4 Influence of the conditions. Uncertainty
7.3.5 Interpretation of the observed subjects
7.3.6 Effects of small cathode and low current density. Heating estimations.
7.3.7 Summary
References
Chapter 8. Electrode erosion. Total mass losses
8.1 Electroerosion phenomena.
8.1.1 General overview
8.1.2 Electroerosion phenomena in air
8.1.3 Electroerosion phenomena in liquid dielectric media
8.2 Erosion phenomena in vacuum arcs
8.2.1 Moderate current of the vacuum arcs
8.2.2 Electrode erosion in high current arcs
8.2.3 Erosion phenomena in vacuum of metallic tip as high field emitter
8.3 Summary and discussion of the erosion measurements
References
Chapter 9. Electrode erosion. Macroparticle generation
9.1 Macroparticle generation. Conventional arc
9.2 Macroparticle charging
9.3 Macroparticle interaction
9.3.1 Interaction with plasma
9.3.2 Interaction with a wall and substrate
9.4 Macroparticle generation in an arc with hot anodes.
9.4.1 Macroparticles in a Hot Refractory Anode Vacuum Arc (HRAVA).
9.4.2 Macroparticles in a Vacuum Arc with Black Body Assembly (VABBA).
9.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 10. Electrode energy losses. Effective voltage.
10.1 Measurements of the effective voltage in a vacuum arc
10.2 Effective electrode voltage in an arc in presence of a gas pressure
10.3 Effective electrode voltage in a vacuum arc with hot refractory anode
10.4 Energy flux from the plasma of a vacuum arc with hot refractory anode
10.5 Summary
References
Chapter 11. Repulsive effect. Force phenomena due to plasma jet reaction.
11.1 General view
11.2 Repulsive effect upon the electrodes of electrical arc. Early measurements of hydrostatic pressure and plasma expansion
11.3 Measurements of the force at electrodes in an electrical arc
11.4 Preliminary discussion of the force mechanism at the electrodes in arcs
11.5 Resume
References
Chapter 12. Cathode spot jets. Velocity and ion current
12.1 Plasma jet velocity
12.2 Ion energy
12.3 Ion velocity and energy in an arc with large rate of current rise dI/dt
12.4 Ion current fraction
12.5 Ion charge state
12.6 Influence of the magnetic field
12.7 Vacuum arc with refractory anode. Ion current
12.8 Summary
References
Chapter 13. Spot motion in a transverse and in oblique magnetic fields
13.1 The general problem.
13.2 Effect of spot motion in a magnetic field
13.3 Retrograde spot motion.
13.3.1 Magnetic field parallel to the cathode surface. Direct cathode spot motion
13.3.1.1 Cathode spot velocity moved in transverse magnetic field.
13.3.1.2 Cathode heating and retrograde cathode spot motion
13.3.1.3 Gas pressure and gap distance influence on the spot motion under TMF
13.3.1.4 Magnetic field and group spot dynamics
13.3.2 Phenomena in an oblique magnetic fields
13.3.2.1 Cathode spot motion in oblique magnetic fields
13.3.2.2 Cathode spot motion with a long roof-shaped cathode under magnetic field
13.3.2.3 Cathode spot splitting in an oblique magnetic field
13.4 Summary
References
Chapter 14. Anode phenomena in electrical arcs
13.1 General functions of the anode
13.2 Anode modes in vacuum arcs
13.2.1 Anode spotless mode. Low current arcs
13.2.2 Anode spot mode for large arc current.
13.2.3 Anode spot mode for small anode diameter
13.3 Anode modes in presence a gas pressure
13.3.1 Low pressure gas
13.3.2 Moving normal circular heat source on a plate
13.4 Anode parameters measurements
13.4.1 Anode temperature measurements
13.4.2 Plasma parameters
13.5 Summary
References
Part 3. Electrode phenomena. Theory
Chapter 15. Cathode Spot. Previous theoretical models
15.1 Early Ideas
15.2 First quasi-consistent description.
15.3 Explosive models.
15.4 Analysis of the state, and the cathode spot problem formulation ()
15.5 Summary
References
Chapter 16. Cathode Spot. Diffusion model. Mathematically closed theory
16.1 Cathode plasma and role charge-exchange collisions.
16.2 Idea of continuum cathodic plasma description. First basis of hydrodynamic approach and its applicability for the cathode plasma spot description., 1969-1971.
16.3 Electrical sheath. Diffuse model of spot plasma.
16.3.1 Low ionized plasma approach.
16.3.2 High ionized plasma approach.
16.3.3 Spot physical model and mathematically closed system of equation.
16.3.4 Numerical investigation of cathode spot parameters.
16.4 Summary
References
17. Cathode spot. Kinetic model. Physically closed theory
17.2 Kinetic model.
17.3 Kinetic of cathode vaporization. Knudsen layer.
17.3.1 New approach of kinetic of atom vaporization into the plasma.
17.3.2 Function distribution of near cathode vaporized and plasma particles.
17.3.3 Conservation laws and the equations of conservation.
17.3.4 Integration. The multi system of equations derivation.
17.4 Physically closed system of equation of cathode spot.
17.5 Numerical investigation of cathode spot parameters by physically closed approach.
17.6 Summary
References
Chapter 18. Spot-plasma and plasma jet.
18.1 State of the mechanism of plasma jet generation and expansion.
18.2 Plasma jet. Model of plasma expansion.
18.3 Mathematical description and system of equations.
18.4 Plasma jet and boundary condition.
18.5 Self-consistent spot-jet plasma expansion.
18.6 Summary
References
Chapter 19. Cathode spot motion in magnetic fields
19.1 Cathode spot motion in a transverse magnetic field.
19.1.1 Retrograde motion. Literature hypothesis
19.1.2 Cathode spot grouping
19.1.3 Physical and mathematical model of spot current-magnetic field action
19.1.4 Calculation of spot grouping in a magnetic field.
19.1.5 Calculation of retrograde spot motion
19.2 Cathode spot motion in oblique magnetic field. Acute angle effect.
19.2.1 Literature hypothesis
19.2.2 Physical and mathematical model of spot drift due to the acute angle effect
19.2.3 Model of spot splitting in oblique field
19.2.4 Calculation of spot splitting
19.2.5 Calculation of spot motion in oblique field
19.3 Summary
References
Part 4. Applications
Chapter 20. Short arc. Vacuum arc spot thruster
20.1 Phenomena in arcs with small electrode gaps
20.2 Microplasma generation in a microscale short vacuum arc
20.3 Modeling of a microscale short vacuum arc for a space propulsion thruster
20.4 Summary
References
Chapter 21. Vacuum arcs with refractory anode
21.1 New arc mode. Physical phenomena. Two anode configuration
21.2 Theory. Mathematical description
21.3 Time dependent anode temperature
21.4 Application for coatings. Advances and comparison with other methods.
21.5 Time dependent thin film deposition.
21.6 Dependencies on arc current, cathode-anode configuration and materials.
21.7 Summary
References
Chapter 22. Laser spot. Laser plasma generation
22.1 Physics of laser plasma generation
22.2 Laser plasma interaction with ablative target
22.3 Theory. Self-consistent system of equations
22.4 Results of calculations of plasma and target parameters. Effect of reduction of plasma-target shielding. Effect of conversion of the laser power radiation.
22.5 Summary
References
Chapter 23. Effects of current carrying wall in a plasma flow in a magnetohydrodynamic duct. Arcing mode.
23.1 MHD energy conversion, Electrode problem
23.2 Hot electrodes. Overheating instability.
23.3 Volt-current characteristics. Conditions for arcing with spot mode.
23.4 Cold cathode. Spot presence in plasma flow with potashium doping.
23.5 Spot model in MHD ducts. Specifics of system of equations. Calculations
23.6 Summary
References
Conclusions
Isak Beilis is a Professor in the Faculty of Engineering at Tel Aviv University. He received his PhD and Doctor of Science in Physics and mathematics from the Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and subsequently held positions at Lomonosov University, Moscow, the Weizmann Institute for Science, joining Tel Aviv University in 1992. He has held visiting positions at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA in 1996 and 1997, at the Max Planck Institute, Berlin, and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy. His research centers around physical phenomena in high-current electrical discharges, at the electrode surface and in near-electrode plasma. In 2018 he was awarded the Walter P. Dyke Award for his many important contributions to discharge physics.
Offers a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the subject written by a leading researcher
Presents a systematic theoretical approach based on electron emission and cathode vaporization to understand the complex phenomena surrounding cathode spots
Uses recently-developed mathematical models to calculate parameters of transient spot such as spot behavior on protrusion and bulk cathode, as well as spots in magnetic fields
Explores numerous applications of relevance to both academia and industry
Date de parution : 09-2021
Ouvrage de 1126 p.
15.5x23.5 cm
Date de parution : 09-2020
Ouvrage de 1126 p.
15.5x23.5 cm
Thèmes de Plasma and Spot Phenomena in Electrical Arcs :
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