A History of Energy Flows
From Human Labor to Renewable Power

This book presents a global and historical perspective of energy flows during the last millennium.

The search for sustainable energy is a key issue dominating today?s energy regime. This book details the historical evolution of energy, following the overlapping and slow flowing transitions from one regime to another. In doing so it seeks to provide insight into future energy transitions and the means of utilizing sustainable energy sources to reduce humanity?s fossil fuel footprint. The book begins with an examination of the earliest and most basic forms of energy use, namely, that of humans metabolizing food in order to work, with the first transition following the domestication and breeding of horses and other animals. The book also examines energy sources key to development during the industrialization and mechanization, such as wood and coal, as well as more recent sources, such as crude oil and nuclear energy. The book then assesses energy flows that are at the forefront of sustainability, by examining green sources, such as solar, wind power and hydropower. While it is easy to see energy flows in terms of ?revolutions,? transitions have taken centuries to evolve, and transitions are never fully global, as, for example, wood remains the primary fuel source for cooking in much of the developing world. This book not only demonstrates the longevity of energy transitions but also discusses the possibility for reducing transition times when technological developments provide inexpensive and safe energy sources that can reduce the dependency on fossil fuels.

This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of energy transitions, sustainable energy and environmental and energy history.

Part 1. The Organic Energy Regime 1. Biological Converters of Energy: Food, Fodder and Firewood 2. Early Uses of Wind and Water Power Part 2. The Mineral Energy Regime 3. The Coal Revolution: The Transition from an Organic to a Mineral Economy 4. Petroleum: "Liquid Gold" 5. A History of Manufactured Gas and Natural Gas 6. Nuclear Power Part 3. The Renewable Energy Regime 7. Hydropower: Four Case Studies 8. Solar Power: Capturing the Power of the Sun 9. Capturing the Power of Wind Part 4. Alternative Energy Solutions 10. Fuel Cell and Battery Power: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Anthony N. Penna is Professor Emeritus of Environmental History at Northeastern University, USA. He is author of numerous titles, including The Human Footprint: A Global Environmental History (2015, 2nd ed), Natural Disasters in a Global Environment (2013) and Nature's Bounty: Historical and Modern Environmental Perspectives (1999).