Toxicology and Risk Assessment

The presence of chemicals in our environment is a subject of intense interest owing to the many potential adverse health effects to humans following exposure to these chemicals. The principles and practices of risk assessment are used to assess the associated health risks to provide a scientific and health basis for guidance or regulatory standards development and risk management decision making for public health protection.

This book compiles, discusses, and presents cutting-edge research data and methodology in performing risk assessment of some major chemicals of concern in our environment. It also discusses the complexity of the scientific databases, the available and updated methodology, emerging issues, limitations in knowledge and methods, considerations of developmental and age sensitivities, use of defaults, case samples on results in risk assessment and risk management, and current and future perspectives. The editors are prominent in the field of environmental toxicology, risk assessment, and chemical regulations. This book will appeal to those interested in evaluating the human health effects of exposure to chemicals in the environment and the associated assessments and findings.

Principles and Approaches for Human Health Risk Assessment of Environmental Contaminants. Dose-Response Assessment: Significance in Risk Assessment. Recent Advances in Cancer Estimation. Consideration of Infants and Children in Risk Assessment. Role of Epidemiology in Drinking Water Risk Assessment. Approaches to Using Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis with Mechanistic Considerations to Assess Carcinogenic Hazard/Risk Potential of Chemical Substances. The Application of PBPK Modeling, Bayesian Approach, and the Utilization of Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation in Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment of Trichloroethylene. Fumigants: Toxicology and Development of Acute Reference Concentrations for Methyl Iodide, Methyl Bromide and Chloropicrin. Cholinesterase Inhibiting Pesticides: Toxicity, Mechanisms, and Implications for Risk Assessment. Mode of Action Toxicity Pathways Demonstrate Developmental Male Reproductive Risk from Endosulfan. Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP) and Possible Mechanisms of Action. The Cell and Molecular Biology of Nickel-Induced Cell Transformation and Carcinogenesis. Asbestos. Nanoparticles and Human Health: Physicochemical Considerations. Nanomaterials: Feasibility and Challenges for Human Health Risk Assessment. Nanotechnology: Emerging Research and Implications for Health and Policy. Emergency Response: Application of Toxicology and Risk Assessment. Toxicology Application in Drug Development. Application of Toxicology in Food Safety Assessment. Chemical Toxicity Testing and Risk Assessment Practice in China. Federal-State Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC): Communication and Coordination of Toxicology and Risk Assessment of Environmental Contaminants Communication and Coordination of Toxicological Issues and Risk Analysis Activities Relating to Environmental Contaminants. Challenges and Opportunities for Older Adults. Occupational Health and Safety Risks for the Aging Worker. Health Implications of Chemicals and Pharmaceutics in an Aging Population. Water Consumption Data for Derivation of Drinking Water Ingestion Rates for Different Age Groups. Food Consumption Rates for Estimating Exposures to Chemicals in Food. Risk Assessment and Critical Thinking. Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Drinking Water: Current Concepts and Methodology, Accomplishments, and Future Perspectives.

Anna M. Fan has served as chief of the Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency for more than 20 years. She managed chemical risk assessment programs, which include risk assessment of chemicals in drinking water, air, and food (including fish advisories), plus pesticide toxicology and related environmental and occupational exposures and medical education. She is a Diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology and a full member of the U.S. Society of Toxicology. She has served on the U.S. EPA Science Advisory Board Committee on Drinking Water and Exposure and Human Health Committee; U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptors Screening and Testing Advisory Committee; U.S. EPA Federal-State Toxicology Risk Analysis Committee; National Research Council Committee on Groundwater Recharge; International Agency on Research in Cancer Workgroup on Nitrates/Nitrites; U.S. Centers for Diseases Control/ATSDR Board of Scientific Councilors; California Pesticide Registration and Evaluation Committee; and other international committees. Dr. Fan is an editor of the Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis. She has authored numerous publications and edited two books on toxicology and risk assessment. Dr. Fan is presently an independent consulting toxicologist.

Elaine M. Khan is chief of the Water Toxicology Section of the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) in the California Environmental Protection Agency. She oversees the development of Public Health Goals for chemicals in California’s drinking water. She earned her PhD in biochemistry and molecular biology from the University of California, Davis, and has published over a dozen articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and reviewed numerous risk assessment documents for the OEHHA and other agencies such as the California Department