Radioimmunoassays for Insulin, C-Peptide and Proinsulin, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1988

THE DISCOVERY OF INSULIN, C-PEPTIDE AND PROINSULlN, SPECIES DIFFERENCES Crude insulin was extracted and isolated from dog pancreases removed 7-1 ° weeks after ligation of the pancreatic duct for the first time in 1921 by Banting and Best. Its lifesaving properties were subsequently documented in pancreatectomized dogs in 1922. Only about six months elapsed from its discovery until systematic collection of calf and ox pancreases and, later, porcine pancreases was established and the blood glucose lowering effect in diabetics using the crude extract from these glands proven. It was not until 1960, however, that the primary structure of all three species of insulin, lO7 human, porcine and bovine, was elucidated . It then became evident that the differences between bovine, porcine and human insulin amounted to at mosl 3 amino acids. These apparently small differences have a significant impact on the physico-chemical characteristics of the three insulins which again affect, e.g., the rate of absorption of insulin lO9 preparations from the subcutaneous tissue and their immunogenicity, i.e.

The discovery of insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin, species differences.- The establishment of a radioimmunoassay.- The first systematical approach.- Requirements for antibodies used in RIA.- Characterization of the standard substance and the substances to be measured.- The tracer, characterization and limitations.- Quality and reproducibility of RIA.- Background for development of improved and new RIAs for insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin.- Insulin.- C-peptides.- Proinsulins.- Discussion of the methods.- Insulin.- Characteristics, principles and sources of error.- Usefulness.- C-peptides.- Characteristics, principles and sources of error.- Usefulness.- Proinsulins.- Characteristics, principles and sources of error.- Usefulness.- The present state and expected future development of methods for the determination of ?-cell secretory products.- Summary and conclusion.- Danish summary and conclusion.- References.- Original papers.- Determination of total serum insulin (IRI) in insulin-treated diabetic patients.- Radioimmunoassays for human, pork and ox C-peptides and related substances.- Radioimmunological determination of human C-peptide in serum.- Specific and direct radioimmunoassay for human proinsulin in serum.- Insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin in nondiabetics and insulin-treated diabetics.